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Pharmacology PT020D

This comprehensive pharmacology course covers the essential medications prescribed for diverse conditions, including cardiac medications, muscle relaxants, and anti-anxiety drugs. Learners will explore drug mechanisms of action, focusing on how drugs alter cellular functions and environments, and differentiate between drug classes, indications, contraindications, and adverse effects. Key pharmacokinetic concepts such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are discussed, as well as the implications of the blood-brain barrier on drug delivery. Ideal for healthcare professionals seeking to deepen their pharmacological knowledge.

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Pharmacology PT020D

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  1. PharmacologyPT020D Lecture 2

  2. Course Objective #14 • Identify medications commonly prescribed for D.D. clients by both generic and trade names.

  3. Commonly prescribed meds • Vitamins • Cardiac meds • Muscle relaxants • Anti-anxiety • Anti-convulsants

  4. Course Objective #15 • Describe the following mechanisms of drug action: • Altering existing cellular functions • Altering cellular environment

  5. Alteration in Cellular Function • Drugs CANNOT create new function! • Drugs CANalter existing cellular function

  6. Receptor-mediated drug action • Agonist • Enhances • Antagonist • Blocks

  7. What are the 2 types of Antagonists? • Competitive • Non-competitive

  8. Alteration in Cellular environment Physically Chemically Alter body fluids • Osmotic pressure • Lubrication • Absorption • Surface conditions

  9. Course objective #16 • Differentiate between commonly used drugs according to: • Name • Classification • Mechanism of action • Indications for use • Contraindications • Adverse drug effects • Drug interactions • Drug incompatibilities

  10. The name game • Chemical name • Generic name • Official name • Trade name / brand name

  11. The NAME game

  12. Classification “Class” • Common action • Frequently common • Side-effects • Adverse reactions

  13. Mechanism of Action • Pharmacodynamics • “The study of the drug mechanism that produce biochemical or physiologic changes in the body”

  14. Mechanism of Action / Pharmacodynamics • Admin. Rx  • Systemic circulation  • Entire body

  15. Mechanism of Action • 1o Effect • Desired / therapeutic • 2o Effect • All other effects • + / - • “side-effects” • expected

  16. Mechanism of Action

  17. Course Objective #17 • Describe the following indications for use of drugs: • Primary • Adjunctive • Non-labeled use • Investigative use

  18. Indications for Use • Valid reason • What is the opposite of indication? • Contraindication

  19. Indications • Primary • Main use

  20. Indications • Adjunctive • Used along with

  21. Indication • Non-labeled use • Supported by research

  22. Indications for use • Investigative use • Only in FDA approved studies

  23. Contraindication • Published • When to Avoid or D/C

  24. Adverse Drug Reactions • Undesirable Rx effects

  25. Types of Adverse Rx effects • Allergic

  26. Adverse Drug Reactions • Allergic Reaction • Hypersensitivity • Immune response • “antigen” •  Anaphylactic Shock

  27. S&S Anaphylactic Shock

  28. Adverse Drug Reactions • Rx Idiosyncrasy • Unusual reaction

  29. Adverse Drug Reactions • Rx Tolerance • i response to Rx

  30. Adverse Drug Reactions • Cumulative Rx Effect • i metabolism of Rx  • h levels

  31. Adverse Drug Reactions • Toxic Reaction • h levels  • Toxic / harmful

  32. Adverse Drug Reactions • Teratogenic • Rx + PG = • Congenital defects

  33. Drug interactions • Drug – Drug • When 1 Rx interacts with other Rx • Drug - Food

  34. Drug-to-drug • Additive Rx reaction • 1 + 1 = 2

  35. Drug-to-drug • Synergistic Rx reaction • 1 + 1 = 3

  36. Drug-to-drug • Antagonistic Rx reaction • 1 + 1 = 0 (or 1)

  37. What should you do? • You are mixing drugs in a syringe to give a parenteral injection when you notice white particles forming in the syringe. • What should you do? • Do NOT give the drug!

  38. Drug-to-Food • Food  • +/- absorption

  39. Rx bottle reads: Take on an empty stomach • What are the rules???? • (tell your neighbor) • 1hr ac • 2hr pc

  40. Rx bottle reads: Take with meals • Minimize GI irritation

  41. Insoluble Food-Rx mix • Rx + Food = Insoluble • (Cannot be absorbed) • i absorption  i effect

  42. Course Objective #18 • Explain how absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion effect: • The concentration of drug at body sites • The concentration of drug metabolites at body sites • The time for drug concentration to develop or change

  43. Pharmacokinetics • What the body does to the Rx • Absorption • Distribution • Metabolism • Half-life • Excretion Biotransformation

  44. Absorption • How Rx is “made available” • Most PO Rx are absorbed into the body from the…. • Small intestine

  45. Factors that Affect Absorption • Route • Solubility

  46. Distribution • Rx carried from absorption site  tissue • *C/V system!

  47. Course objective #20 • Explain how distribution of a drug is effected by the blood-brain barrier.

  48. Blood-brain Barrier • Selective permeability • Impermeable to MOST Rx

  49. Hypertension • Hyperosmolar • Radiation • Infection • Trauma • Development

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