African Nationalist Movements

1. African Nationalist Movements

3. Pan-Africanism Began in the early 1900s Slogan: �Africa for the Africans� Called for a sense of unity among African nations and their people Recognized that independence from colonial rule could come only if diverse tribes could unite for a common cause.

4. Negritude Movement Encouraged Africans to celebrate their heritage Rejected the view held by colonial powers of African cultures �White Man�s Burden�, R.Kippling Greatest leader of the Pan-Africanism and the Negritude movement is Leopold Sedar Senghor�a poet and politician [President of Senegal for 20 years]

5. New Nations Emerge WWI & WWII takes its toll on the Colonial Powers Cold War helped African Nationalists 1st world and 2nd world countries compete for new governments 1950 there were only four independent nations Liberia, Ethiopia, Egypt, and South Africa Most African Nations become independent around 1960 Southern region of Africa is still emerging

8. New Nations Emerge Others required Wars to be fought 1954 Algeria Nationalists fought for 8 years to oust Fr. settlers-many lives were lost Kenya had the Mau Mau, a secret group that used armed resistance against white Br. settlers Guerrilla warfare effective against colonial powers

9. Nationalist Movements and the Middle East After WW I Ottoman Empire at near collapse Arab lands divided by U.S. & Britain Turks resisted western control Attacked by Greek forces to assert their claim to the Turkish Peninsula

10. Turkey defeats the Greeks and Modernize Mustafa Kemel a.k.a. Ataturk (Father of the Turks) Turkey declared a republic, 1920 Led a massive modernization of Turkey Separate church and state Encouraged industrialization Built railroads Set up factories

11. Persia�s Nationalism Led by Raza Khan (Shah) Persia followed Turkey�s modernization plan Roads, railways, factories,& strengthened the army Western clothing and western schools Replaced Islamic law with Secular law Women encouraged to take part in government Convinced Britain to give Persia a greater share in Persia�s oil profits

12. Arab Nationalism OIL! Foreign countries move into the M.E. to exploit the future fuel source Pan-Arabism, a nationalistic movement built on a shared heritage of Arab lands Sought to free Arabs� foreign domination and unite them into one state

13. Paris Peace Conference Shocker! Arab land mandates issued to the Allies of WWI Arabs felt betrayed by the west Helped with the defeat of the Central Powers and expected independence Protests against Imperialism erupted British mandate of Palestine Arab and Jewish nationalists (Zionists) CLASHED!

14. Promises broken� Allies made two sets of promises To the Arabs�their own kingdoms in the Ottoman Empire (including Palestine) To the Jewish Nationalists- they promised a homeland in Palestine...to gain Jewish support, the British issue the Balfour Declaration Noted that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of non-Jewish communities in Palestine

15. The Colonial Legacy Feelings of anti-colonialism still exist Belief that European culture is better was extremely damaging Africans want modern technology and the same standard of living colonial powers enjoyed New independent nations were not prepared to rule effectively Economies were ruined by colonialism Local leaders were replaced or weakened by colonialism Colonialism developed roads, bridges, harbors, railroads, hospitals and schools [basic infra-structures]

16. Read Ch.12.2, p 394-400 In what ways did colonial powers try to control African life? P. 394-395 What significance does the phrase �Africa for the Africans� have? P. 396-397 What did the reforms of Ataturk and Raza Khan have in common? P. 398 Why did Palestine become a center of conflict after WW I p. 400

17. Answers The colonizers set up economic and political systems that benefited mainly themselves It was used to encourage nationalism and an end to colonial rule, and it united Africans in their desire for independence. Both were focused on modernizing industry, transportation, secularizing schools, and westernizing culture. With the Balfour Declaration, the British government announced its support of Jewish immigration to Palestine to establish a homeland. This threatened the Arabs already living in Palestine, who had been promised their independence.