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Early Latin America

The Age of Conquest in Latin America is divided into two eras: the Era of Conquest (1492-1570) and the Era of Consolidation (1570-1700). Led by Spain and Portugal, this period was characterized by the pursuit of wealth and territorial dominance. Spain, unified under Ferdinand and Isabella, established colonies like Hispaniola, using encomiendas to exploit Indian labor. Notable conquistadors, including Hernán Cortés and Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, sought riches and glory. Portugal focused on Brazil, leveraging the Treaty of Tordesillas. This era saw complex social hierarchies among Indians, Creoles, and Peninsulares.

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Early Latin America

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  1. Early Latin America Ch 19

  2. I. Introduction • Age of Conquest was divided into 2 eras • Era of Conquest 1492-1570 • Era of Consolidation 1570-1700 • Dominated by Iberian Peninsula States • Portugal • Castile (Center of Peninsula) • Aragon (Eastern Peninsula) • Driven by desire of wealth

  3. II. Spain • Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile united Spain • Dominated Americas • Hispaniola was model colony • Controlled Central America and Northern and Western South America • Focus was Encomiendas • Large estates with Indian laborers • Encomendero

  4. II. Spain • Conquistadors • Hernan Cortes- 1519 Conquest of Mexico- killed Aztec King Moctezuma II • Francisco Vazquez de Coronado- 1540-1542 gold seeking expedition that went all the way up to Kansas • Pedro de Valdivia- 1541 Conquered Central Chile • Characteristics • Typically brutal • Typically not professional soldiers • Looking to gain wealth and nobility

  5. III. Portugal • Main claims were in Brazil • Treaty of Tordesillas 1494- Dividing line that gave Portugal Brazil and claims to India • Spain had everything west of this line • Pedro Alvares Cabral- 1st Portuguese claim to South America (1500) • Predominantly focused on the coast • Sugar Plantations were the initial economic boom • Gold and Silver were found in Brazil’s interior in and area known as Minas Gerais

  6. II. Portugal • Rio de Janiero became important due to being a port close to the mines • Indian labor was greatly used in the mines • Mercury was also important to this region

  7. IV. Indians, Creoles and Peninsulares Oh My! • Indians • Slaughtered • Abused on plantations& in mines • Killed by disease • Supported by a few • Bartolome de Las Casas- Conquistador turned Priest

  8. IV. Indians, Creoles and Peninsulares Oh My! • Peninsulares- People born in Spain who came to the New World • Superior • Creoles- Spaniards born in the New World • Racial purity questioned (Mestizos) • Not considered to be equal with Peninsulares • A type of Caste system formed

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