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Stockman’s Practice Info

Stockman’s Practice Info. Quiz Info & Questions. Beef. Male = . Bull. Bovine =. Female =. Cow. Young =. Calf. Young Female =. Heifer. Castrated Male =. Steer. Sheep. Male = . Ram. Ovine =. Female =. Ewe. Young =. Lamb. Young Female =. Ewe.

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Stockman’s Practice Info

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  1. Stockman’s Practice Info Quiz Info & Questions

  2. Beef Male = Bull Bovine = Female = Cow Young = Calf Young Female = Heifer Castrated Male = Steer

  3. Sheep Male = Ram Ovine = Female = Ewe Young = Lamb Young Female = Ewe Castrated Male = Wether

  4. Swine Male = Boar Porcine = Female = Sow Young = Piglet Young Female = Gilt Castrated Male = Barrow

  5. Horse = 100.7 Lager Animal = Lower Temp Body Temperature Beef = 101.5 Sheep = 102.3 Swine = 102.5 Chicken = 107.1

  6. days an animal is pregnant Beef = 287 days (9 1/2 months Gestation = Sheep = 147 days (5 months) Swine = 114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days) Horse = (11 months)

  7. Length from one “heat” to the next Beef = 21 days Estrous Cycle= Sheep = 17 days Swine = 21 days Horse = 21 days

  8. “Heat” - time when an animal is ready for breeding Beef = 12 hours Estrus = Sheep = 12 hours Swine = 12 hours Horse = 3-5 days

  9. The amount of product you expect to get once an animal is slaughtered Swine = 70% Dressing Percent(%)= Beef = 60% Sheep = 50%

  10. Swine = 240 lbs - 5 -7 month Ideal Slaughter Weight & Age Beef = 1200 lbs - + 1 year Sheep = 125 lbs. - 4-6 months

  11. Abbreviations

  12. EPD = Expected Progeny Difference • the difference in performance from the progeny (offspring) of a bull as compared to the progeny of the “average” bull. • different (number) value for each breed More offspring = greater Accuracy of the EPD for the animal TDN = Total Digestible Nutrients A measure of Energy in a feedstuff. Increasing TDN(Energy) = Increase rate of gain

  13. CAB = Certified Angus Beef This program was started in 1978 A way to MARKET Angus Beef Products Set certain standards to guarantee the consumer a good product. DCB = Dark Cutting Beef The muscle in the carcass take on a dark “purple-black” color Caused by STRESS to the animal before slaughter.

  14. PSE = Pale, Soft & Excudative (Watery) Effects Pork The lean (muscle) appears pale, feels soft and appears watery Caused by STRESS to the animal before slaughter MGA = Melengesterol Acetate Drug FED to cattle to prevent them from coming into heat

  15. Terms to Know

  16. Colostrum = Mother’s first milk • High in Antibodies - protect against illness & disease • Rich in Nutrients • Newborn MUST receive colostrum in first 24 hours Weaning = Permanently separating the young from it’s mother

  17. Frame Score = Estimate of size used in cattle Condition Score = Estimated of body fat levels • Score 1 -- 9 (1 = very thin----9 = very fat, 5,6,7 = ideal) • Thin Cows don’t breed back or milk well • Fat cows will have calving trouble Cloning = Taking the DNA from one animal and implanting it into a stem cell to make an exact genetic copy of the original animal.

  18. Dystocia = Difficulty/Trouble giving birth Lactation = The time when a female is producing milk Gestation = The time when a female is pregnant Embryo Transfer = Moving a fertilized egg(s) from a donor female to one or more female recipients Why do Embryo Transfer? - get more genetic material (offspring) from a really good female, QUICKLY.

  19. Artificial Insemination(AI) = Placing semen the the reproductive tract of a female by a technician (human) with a tool. Why do AI? - Spread the genetics of a really good male animal around to a lot of females. Get more offspring QUICKLY. Open = An animal that is not bred (pregnant) Ultrasound = Process used in which sound waves are send into the animals body to take a picture Ultrasound is used to determine pregnancy or carcass traits

  20. Concentrate = The grain portion of a diet Roughage = The fiber portion of a diet Legume = A plant that takes nitrogen from the air and puts it into the ground. Ex: Alfalfa, Soybeans, Clover Legumes don’t need nitrogen fertilizer An accumulation of gas in the rumen, causes it to get larger and become uncomfortable to the animal - gas must be relieved or animal will die Bloat =

  21. As Fed = Feeds that contain their normal amount of water Dry Matter = Feed after water has been removed As Fed  Dry Matter = taking water out # should get smaller (multiply) Dry matter  As Fed = adding water # should get larger (divide) Example: We want to feed 300 lbs. of dry matter from corn to a group of calves. Our High Moisture Corn is 75% Dry Matter. How much corn should we feed? 300/.75 = 400 lbs.

  22. Birth Weight = Weight on an animal at birth Weaning Weight = Weight of an animal when it is weaned Weight Weight shows how well the calf grew while on it’s mothers milk Yearling Weight = Weight of an animal at a year old (market weight) Yearling Weight shows how well the animal grew on it’s own These terms are EPD values used when comparing animals in a group or bulls

  23. Litter Size = # of pigs in the litter 21 day weight = weight of piglet at 21 days old “weaning” 21 day weight shows how well the piglet grew while on it’s mothers milk Days to 230 lbs = How many day it took for the pig to grow to 230 lbs. “growth rate” Few the days the better, more efficient pig Combines the above traits to rank sow on productivity SPI (Sow Productivity Index) = These terms are EPD values used when comparing animals in a group or bulls

  24. Polled = Naturally without horns Dehorn = To remove horns Castrate = To remove testicles from male animals Dock = To remove the tail Flushing = Giving a female extra feed prior to breeding to increase ovulation rate & pregnancy rate

  25. Calving = A cow giving birth Lambing = A sheep giving birth Farrowing = A pig giving birth What is the normal delivery position for a calf, lamb or foal? Front feet first with head between legs. Cesarean Section = Cutting the side of the mother open and removing the baby through the opening during a difficult birth

  26. Growth Rate & Maturity Who grows the fastest? Bull Steer Heifer Boar Barrow Gilt Ram Wether Ewe Fastest Slowest Who matures the fastest? Slowest Fastest

  27. Testosterone = Male hormone • Responsible for development for male characteristics • Produced by the Testicles Hormones to Know Estrogen = Female hormone • Responsible for causing a female animal to come into “heat” • Produced in the ovary Progesterone = Female hormone • Responsible for maintaining pregnancy • Produced in the ovary

  28. FSH = (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) Female hormone Hormones to Know • Stimulates follicle to grow and develop • Produced by pituitary gland Oxytocin = Hormone responsible for starting labor and controlling milk letdown in female animals Hormone released when an animal is under stress Adrenaline =

  29. Diseases

  30. Caused by a lack of VITAMIN E & SELENIUM White Muscle Disease = Stiff Lamb Disease Solution = feed good commercial mineral to the moma’s AND/OR give an injection at birth Grass Tetany = Caused by a lack of MAGNESIUM in lush forages Solution = feed a good High Magnesium mineral

  31. Respiratory disease caused by a virus and/or bacteria Usually associated with animals that have been bought at a livestock market and stressed during transportation Shipping Fever = Solution = vaccinate against shipping fever or treat disease with Sulfur Drugs (AS700) Sore Mouth = Lambs will develop sore on mouth - Caused by a virus - can be passed to humans Solution = vaccinate against disease

  32. Disease of the lung caused by a virus and/or bacteria - inflammation of the lung tissue due to stress Solution = Treat animal with antibiotics. Keep animal warm & dry. Pneumonia = Urinary Calculi = “Water Belly” Lambs will develop deposits “stones” in the urinary tract - caused by incorrect Calcium:Phosphorus Ratio Solution = Provide plenty of fresh, clean water. Keep Ca:P Ratio at 2 parts calcium to 1 part phosphorus. Treat with Ammonium Chloride

  33. Infection of the mammary gland( udder) - caused by a bacteria Solution = Treat animal with antibiotic. Mastitis = Enterotoxemia = “Over-Eating Disease” Caused by a toxin - usually in lambs on high grain diets Solution = Vaccinate with type C & D Tetnus Toxoid Disease of the eye - Caused by dust, seedheads, flies & sunlight Pink-Eye = Solution = Treat animals with disease. Keep pastures clipped and areas clean to PREVENT disease.

  34. Swine Respiratory disease - TWISTED SNOUTS Solution = Vaccinate, medicate feed & improve ventilation in barn Rhinitis = Caused by a low calcium levels in the blood - usually occurs soon after giving birth Milk Fever = Solution = Treat animal with IV Calcium Solution

  35. Diarrhea, DEHYDRATION & weakness. Caused by a bacteria or a virus. Biggest problem is DEHYDRATION Scours = Solution = Give fluids (electrolytes) & treat with antibiotics Foot rot = Caused by a bacteria in the SOIL. Solution = Remove animals from infected area and wet areas. Treat often with disinfectants until gone. Vaccine is available - not that effective

  36. Caused by lack of energy & poor nutrition in late pregnancy Solution = Have a good feeding program in late pregnancy - feed “some” grain, but prevent overfattening. Treat with IV glucose solutions Pregnancy Toxemia = Founder = Lameness - caused by feeding too much grain. Front hooves grow long Solution = monitor diet, trim feet

  37. Reproductive disease that causes abortions. Solution = Vaccination every year Leptospirosis = Brucellosis = (Bang’s Disease) Causes abortions VA is a Brucellosis FREE state Solution = Calfhood vaccinations No Treatment - must cull (kill) diseased animals

  38. Intestinal disease caused by the coccidia organism. Bloody scours is a sign. Coccidiosis Solution = Prevent it by feeding a coccidiastat medication. Treat using Sulfur drugs Ringworn = Parasite of the skin Roundworm = Internal parasite Lice = External parasite

  39. Animal Health Given to an animal to PREVENT a disease Vaccine = Antibiotic = Given to an animal to TREAT a disease Probiotic = “Bugs”(yeast, lactobacillus, etc…) given to an animal to improve healthiness if the animal. Deworming = Process of TREATING cattle to remove worms Insecticide = Process of TREATING cattle to remove parasites like lice

  40. Time you must wait between giving a vaccine and using the meat or milk for human consumption Withdrawl Period = Cattle Grubs = Larvae of the heel fly. Enter through heel, live in the spine This is why you should not worm cattle between Nov 15& Feb 15 Insecticide = Process of TREATING cattle to remove parasites like lice

  41. Why do we need to deworm cattle? Ways to Deworm Animals Parasites (worms) make cattle unthrifty reduce weight gains, poor hair coats, reduce immunity to diseases • Injection - under the skin • Drench - down the throat • Feeding - ingest drug • Pour-on - on the back

  42. Worm (parasite) Exposure Which type/class of animal is most affected by parasites? Newborn Calf Feeder Steer on Pasture Feedlot Steer Cow nursing a calf on Pasture Cattle get worms from eating grass. For the feeder steer on pasture the first exposure is the worst. Cows have had previous exposure so have some immunity.

  43. Put a slow release hormone pellet in the ear of cattle (Ralgro, Synovex, etc..) Implants increase rate of gain, feed efficiency and a leaner carcass Implant = Product (not a hormone) added to feed to increase feed efficiency, rate of gain and acts to prevent coccidiosis. Ionophores = Bovatec and Rumensin are examples

  44. Types of Injections IM = Intramuscular = In the muscle SubQ = Sub-Cutaneous = Under the skin ALWAYS in the neck area, NEVER In the rear end (meat) IN = Intranasal = In the nasal passage “nose” IV = Intravenous = In the vein ** Fastest way to get medicine into an animal system **

  45. Needles Guage = Diameter of the needle Bigger the # = smaller the diameter Biggest Diameter Smallest Diameter 16 18 20 22 Length = How long the needle is Bigger the # = longer the needle Ex: 1/2”, 1” or 1 1/2”

  46. Sheep Terms Wool Traits Class Staple Length = Length of the wool fiber Grade ** Biggest Factor affecting VALUE of the wool Fineness = Diameter “width”of the wool fiber Plastic Fiber from wool bags is the BIGGEST wool contaminant. Mutton = Meat from sheep over 1 year of age determine by lack of “break joint”

  47. Sheep Age Use teeth to determine sheep’s age 2 permanent teeth 4 permanent teeth No permanent teeth 1 set 2 sets 6 permanent teeth 4 sets MATURE 6 permanent teeth 3 sets

  48. Baby Pig Processing 5 things are done to baby pigs at birth: 1. Cut off the needle teeth 2. Give iron shot to prevent anemia 3. Tail docking 4. Castration 5. Ear notching “identification”

  49. Reproduction 15 months or 2/3 of mature weight Heifers should be bred at ? months of age. Free Martin = Heifer born twin to a bull ** Usually Infertile/Sterile Cryptorchid = Male animal with one testicle up in the body cavity Stag = Male animal castrated after sexual maturity

  50. Carcass Terms Amount of lean, fat & bones Measure the quantity of boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts from a carcass Estimated lean meat a carcass will produce Yield Grade = CUTABILITY Quality Grade = How good the meat will appear & taste for the consumer PALATABILITY

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