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MODERN INTELLECTUAL AND ARTISTIC MOVEMENTS. REALISM.
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REALISM • Realism was an artistic movement that attempted to depict everyday life in its purest form. Realists rejected the embellished, idealistic art of the past and used detail in an attempt to be absolutely true to the object depicted. The realist approach first appeared in paintings in the 17th century, and some 18th-century novelists used it as well, but realism did not gain momentum as a movement until the mid-19th century, when French artists like Gustave Courbet began rejecting the artificiality of Classicism and Romanticism. Other artists and novelists followed, with Gustave Flaubert publishing his realist masterpiece Madame Bovary in 1857.
Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875)one of the Barbizon painters THE GLEANERS
Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) • Quote on realistic painting: "Show me an angel and I'll paint you one." THE SLEEPING SPINNER
Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) • Madame Bovary was his most famous work
Emile Zola (1840-1902) • Known for his support of Alfred Dreyfus • Also associated with Naturalism
IMPRESSIONISM • Impressionism is an artistic style that attempts to give an immediate impression on canvas of the artist's subject. Its name comes from a painting by the French artist Claude Monet entitled Impression Sunrise (1870). The impressionists were influenced by new scientific studies of color and light, by the developing art of photography, and by newly introduced prints from Japan. Impressionists liked to paint outdoors and attempted to reproduce light on their canvases, sometimes applying small strokes of pure color in order to achieve this effect rather than mixing it on the palette. To achieve the exact qualities of the natural light they were trying to represent, the impressionists also painted rapidly on the spot instead of reproducing their paintings from studies or sketches.
Naturalism • A literary movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, naturalism attempted to apply scientific methods and principles to literature and drama. The movement first developed in France, but the naturalistic style of writing later spread to the United States, Russia, Germany, and Scandinavia. Naturalists believed that reality could only be verified through the senses and that a writer's goal was the objective reporting of observations. Naturalist authors like Emile Zola, August Strindberg, and Henrik Ibsen believed that people could not make moral choices since they were trapped by external economic and societal pressures and internal instinctual drives.
Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) His most famous work was the play “A Doll’s House”
Modernism • Modernism was an artistic movement that began in 1880 as artists, writers, and architects attempted to replace older artistic styles with innovative new styles. Artistic styles considered modernist include postimpressionism, expressionism, cubism, dadaism, Bauhaus, futurism, and surrealism. What unified those diverse movements was a break with traditional narrative and its attempt to realistically present a coherent, unified, sensible world. Modernist works, instead, portrayed the world as ambiguous, fragmented, and obscured by psychological impulses or the inability of language to describe our essential reality. Modernist writers, who did most of their work from the beginning of World War I until the 1930s, included experimental poets like Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot and stream of consciousness writers like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. The modernist movement in literature ended after World War II, while in architecture, modernism was eclipsed during the 1960s by the rise of postmodernism.
Bloomsbury Group • The Bloomsbury group was a collective of intellectuals who gathered in London from the early 20th century until the 1930s. The group was organized by Virginia Woolf and her siblings and became famous for its criticism of Victorian ideas concerning artistic, sexual, and social matters.
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) • His most lasting contributions came in his belief that a pure laissez-faire economy was ill-suited to provide full employment for workers and was likewise unable to pull an ailing economy out of a recession or depression. He theorized that in order for an economy to recover from a downturn and remain strong, demand must be enhanced, both through low interest rates and greater public expenditures. Investment would thus be encouraged and employment would increase, enabling consumers to spend more and leading the business sector to greater investment in the economy. Keynes also argued that high levels of demand would lead to economic growth and full employment.
Modernism in Music • IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882-1971) – “The Rite of Spring”
Auguste Comte • Father of sociology • Thought society could be studied in a scientific manner • Created theory called positivism
Friedrich Nietzsche • German philosopher • ANTI- rationality, religion, democracy, nationalism, racism,etc. • His most famous work was Thus Spake Zarathustra • Supported the theory of a heroic superman or “Ubermensch” who embodied greatness and a higher humanity
Sigmund Freud • Jewish Austrian doctor • Studied the unconscious • THE ID • THE EGO • THE SUPEREGO • The father of psychoanalysis
POST-IMPRESSIONISM • Postimpressionism is a term retrospectively applied to a handful of late-19th-century artists who expanded upon the advancements made in painting by the impressionists. Postimpressionist artists attempted to achieve a more personal and concrete form of expression. Unlike the impressionists, the styles of the artists associated with postimpressionism are highly individualistic, and their concerns ranged from pictorial structure (Paul Cézanne) to the imagination (Paul Gauguin) to the scientific perception of color (Georges Seurat). In emphasizing individuality and self-expression, postimpressionism was an important precursor to the development of modern art.
Georges Seurat (1859-1891) HE DEVELOPED POINTILISM
Expressionism • Expressionism was an artistic style of the later 19th and early 20th centuries in which artists attempted to express a state of mind, focusing on emotions and psychological responses to objects and events rather than objective reality. The term expressionism was first used to describe painting, but it also came to describe literature, opera, and film. Expressionism grew out of a reaction to materialism and the urbanization and industrialization of society before and after World War I. Although it was most dominant in Germany, expressionism was practiced by artists in Austria, France, and Russia. The exhibition and production of expressionist art was banned in Germany as the Nazis came to power in 1933, and many expressionist artists were exiled to the United States and other countries.
Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944) “Transverse Line” 1923
Edvard Munch (1863-1944) “The Scream”
Cubism • Cubism was an artistic style begun by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in early-20th-century France. In cubism, objects were transformed into basic geometric shapes and reassembled in a variety of ways so that the objects became abstract. That abstraction resulted in the assertion of the two-dimensionality of the picture plane, which was essential to the development of modern art.
