Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal

1. Inside Low Carbon Innovation: The Challenges Facing us Inside Science Norwich: September 30th 2010 Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal • Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv • School of Environmental Sciences/ Norwich Business School:University of East Anglia

2. Inside Low Carbon Innovation: The Challenges Facing us • Global Overview – Climate Change Issues • The UK situation: The Twin Challenges of Energy Security and Carbon Reduction • Awareness Raising: Reducing demand and involving the community • The UK’s current performance on the road to a Low Carbon Future.

3. Increasing Occurrence of Drought 3

4. Increasing Occurrence of Flood 4

5. Inside Low Carbon Innovation: The Challenges Facing us • Increasing Incidence of Weather Related Disasters • September 27 2010: News Flash • Weather-related natural catastrophes are at an “exceptionally high” level this year, causing more than $65 billion of losses. • There have been 725 weather-related catastrophes, the second-highest figure recorded for the first nine months of the year since 1980. • About 21,000 people died in the disasters and insured losses totalled $18 billion. Bloomberg Press

6. Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003 Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region NASA satellite imagery الصيف الجليد في القطبالشمالي تغطية المنطقة القطبيه ناسا الصور الفضاءيه 2003 1979 تغير المناخاثار على الجليديه القطبيه كاب 1979 - 2003 • 20% reduction in 24 years • 20 ٪تخفيض في 24 سنوات 6 6 Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

7. Is Global Warming natural or man-made? • Natural causes • Earth’s Orbit • Sunspot Activity • Volcanic Eruptions • Etc. • Reasonable agreement up to ~ 1960 Man-made causes do not show particularly good agreement in early part of period. BUT including both man- made and natural gives good agreement

8. Inside Low Carbon Innovation: The Challenges Facing us Practically Achievable: Renewable Energy:- • 0.01 – 0.1TW - Tidal • 0.1 – 1.0 TW - Geothermal; OTEC; Biomass; Wastes • 1 -10TW - Hydro; Wind; Waves • 10 -100TW – Solar 1 TeraWatt (TW) = 1 billion kW Life Span of Fossil Fuels Decades: Oil, Gas 235U Tar Sands, Oil Shales Centuries: Coal, Geothermal, D-T Fusion 238U, 232Th Millenia: D – D Fusion Conservation is vital for a Sustainable Renewable Future in the Long Term

9. Consumption of Oil is outstripping new finds

10. There is a looming Gas Shortage in the UK Import Gap On 13th Jan 2010: UK Production was only 41%: 14% from storage and 44% imports

11. What isthe magnitude of the CO2 problem? How does UK compare with other countries? Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others? France UK Per capita Carbon Emissions 11

12. Carbon Factors for different modes of electricity generation In UK, Coal ~ 900 gms/kWh, oil ~ 800+ gms/kWh CCGT ~ 400 gms/kWh Nuclear ~ 10 gms/kWh: Overall ~ 520 – 530 gms/kWh

13. Carbon Emissions and Electricity UK France 13

14. Electricity Generation in selected Countries r

15. Inside Low Carbon Innovation: The Challenges Facing us • Global Overview – Climate Change Issues • The UK situation- The Twin Challenges of Energy Security and Carbon Reduction • Awareness Raising: Reducing demand and involving the community • The UK’s current performance on the road to a Low Carbon Future.

16. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Non-Renewable Methods Langeled and Balzand Pipe Lines completed UK becomes net importer of gas in 2004 Price projected by Government for Gas generation in 2020 16

17. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Non-Renewable Methods Nuclear New Build assumes one new station is completed each year after 2018. Carbon sequestration either by burying it or use methanolisation as a new transport fuel will not be available at scale required until mid 2020s 17

18. Carbon Capture and Sequestration • Could provide a solution for the medium / long term – i.e. 15+ years time • Demonstration scheme in Germany 30 MW since 2008, • China also has an operating 30 MW scheme • UK Government hopes to have four 300 MW demonstration schemes operating by 2015/16 • But • UK has 59000MW of fossil fuel power stations – i.e. 600 times the demonstration schemes • Will increase fossil fuel burn by 20 -40% - i.e. for every four power stations an extra is needed to support the CCS plant • Will do little to help situation over next decade. • Various methods potentially available • pre combustion - removing nitrogen in air before combustion • post combustion – separating CO2 from other exhaust gases.

19. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 – Onshore Wind • 10 first generation turbines at Blood Hill have a total capacity of 2250 kW • The single neighbouring turbine at Somerton – 1500 kW but generates much more electricity than the 10 combined. • Swaffham 1 providesON AVERAGE sufficient power for 900 homes. • Latest generation are 3000 kW each

20. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 – Offshore Wind Scroby Sands had a Load factor of 25.8% but nevertheless produced sufficient electricity on average for 60% needs of houses in Norwich. At Peak time sufficient for all houses in Norwich and Ipswich 20

21. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Hydro Micro Hydro Scheme operating on Siphon Principle installed at Itteringham Mill, Norfolk. Rated capacity 5.5 kW

22. Solar PhotoVoltaic Electricty Area required to supply 5% of UK electricity needs ~ 400 sq km - But energy needed to make PV takes up to 10 years to pay back in UK.

23. Solar PhotoVoltaic Electricty • Poly - crystalline • ~ 60 – 80 kWh / sqm / annum Typical test bed efficiencies 15 – 16% for mono-crystalline - theoretically up to 30%, but practical efficiencies after inversion in real situations ~ 10 – 12% Mono - crystalline ~ 80 – 100 kWh / sqm / annum Thin film ~ 60 – 70 kWh / sqm / annum 23

24. Efficiency of Solar PhotoVoltaic Electricty Poly-crystalline Cell Efficiency Mono-crystalline Cell Efficiency • Peak Cell efficiency is ~ 9.5%. • Average efficiency over year is 7.5% • Peak Cell efficiency is ~ 14% and close to standard test bed efficiency. • Most projections of performance use this efficiency • Average efficiency over year is 11.1% Inverter Efficiencies reduce overall system efficiencies to 10.1% and 6.73% respectively

25. Overall Performance of Photo Voltaic Arrays in ZICER Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient An integrated approach is needed to ensure best performance

26. Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally Cells active Cells inactive even though not covered by shadow If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected. As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive 26 26 26 26 26

27. Solar PhotoVoltaic Electricty Photovoltaic cells are expensive, but integration of ideas is needed. Output depends on type but varies from ~70kWh to ~100kWh per square meter per year. The New Feed In Tariff form April 1st will make things more attractive. 41p per unit generated – an extra 3p if exported. But those who have installed PV will get the benefit from increased payments for electricity by those who have not. 27

28. Solar Energy Centralised Solar Power PS10 Solar Tower Seville, Spain 11 MW Capacity 28

29. Biofuels/Biomass • Transport Fuels: • Biodiesel? • Bioethanol? • Compressed gas from • methane from waste. But Land Area required is very large - the area of Norfolk and Suffolk would be needed to generate just over 5% of UK electricity needs.

30. Wave Energy Options for Electricity Generation Pelamis There are numerous designs, but expertise in wave power is spread very thinly

31. Wave Energy Options for Electricity Generation Oyster under test at Bilia Croo Oyster 31

32. Tidal Energy – The Resource Tidal Resource kW/m2 <0.01 0.01 2.90 Resource is measured in terms of kW/m2 of vertical column of water 32

33. Tidal Stream Options for Electricity Generation

34. Tidal Power – Barrage de la Rance, St Malo The Sluice Gates One of 24 turbines Vortices created during generation at La Rance 34

35. Tidal Power – Some Proposed Schemes for the Severn Newport Beachley Barrage Shoots Barrage Cardiff Cardiff – Weston Barrage Bristol Minehead – Aberthaw Barrage Weston Cardiff - Hinkley Barrage Minehead 35

36. Tidal Barrage Options for Electricity Generation Churchill Barrier each could provide Output 78 GWh per annum - Sufficient for 13500 houses in Orkney but there are only 4000 in Orkney. Controversy in bringing cables south Save 40000 tonnes of CO2

37. Options for Electricity Generation in 2020 - Geothermal

38. Our Choices: They are difficult • Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and biomass?. • Photovoltaics, tidal, wave are not options for next 20 years. • If our answer is NO • Do we want to see a renewal of nuclear power ? • Are we happy on this and the other attendant risks? • If our answer is NO • Do we want to return to using coal? • then carbon dioxide emissions will rise significantly • unless we can develop carbon sequestration within 10 years UNLIKELY If our answer to coal is NO Do we want to leave things are they are and see continued exploitation of gas for both heating and electricity generation? >>>>>>

39. Our Choices: They are difficult • If our answer is YES • By 2020 • we will be dependent on GAS • for around 70% of our heating and electricity • imported from countries like Russia, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Algeria • Are we happy with this prospect? >>>>>> • If not: • We need even more substantial cuts in energy use. • Or are we prepared to sacrifice our future to effects of Global Warming? - the North Norfolk Coal Field? Do we wish to reconsider our stance on renewables? Inaction or delays in decision making will lead us down the GAS option route and all the attendant Security issues that raises.

40. Our looming over-dependence on gas for electricity generation We need an integrated energy supply which is diverse and secure. We need to take Energy out of Party Politics.!

41. Involve the local Community -The BroadSol Project Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004 Annual Solar Gain 825 kWh Members of community agreed to purchase Solar Panels at same time. Significantly reduced costs

42. Technical Solutions: Solar Thermal Energy Up to 15 installations were monitored at 5 miute intervals for periods up to 15 months Mean Monthly Solar gain for 11 systems 3 panel systems Some 2 panel systems captured twice the energy in summer months as other 2 panel systems. 42

43. It is all very well for South East, but what about the North? House on Westray, Orkney exploiting passive solar energy from end of February House in Lerwick, Shetland Isles with Solar Panels - less than 15,000 people live north of this in UK! 43

44. Effective Low Carbon Strategies requires Involving the local Community Even better things are happening on the Island of Westray. The Parish Kirk, and Community Centre are heated by heat Pumps partly powered by Wind Turbines Waste cooking oil from other islands is processed into biodiesel for farm and other vehicles. Ethanol used in process is obtained from fermentation of harvested sea weed 44

45. Inside Low Carbon Innovation: The Challenges Facing us • Global Overview – Climate Change Issues • The UK situation - The Twin Challenges of Energy Security and Carbon Reduction • Awareness Raising: Reducing demand and involving the community • The UK’s current performance on the road to a Low Carbon Future.

46. On average each person in UK causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO2 each year. How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks like? 5 hot air balloons per person per year. "Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little." Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)

47. Raising Awareness At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai 上海徐汇区高第一小学 • A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost ~ £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2. • 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. • A Mobile Phone charger: > 10 kWh per year • ~ 500 balloons each year. • Standby on electrical appliances • up to 20 - 150+ kWh a year - 7500 balloons. (up to £15 a year) • A Toyota Corolla (1400cc): 1 party balloon every 60m. • Filling up with petrol (~£50 for a full tank – 40 litres) • --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon) How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for1 hour? 1.6 miles School children at the Al Fatah University, Tripoli, Libya

48. Data courtesy of Karla Alcantar • Social Attitudes have a profound effect on actual electricity consumption • For a given size of household electricity consumption for appliances [NOT HEATING or HOT WATER or COOKING] can vary by as much as 9 times. • Significant savings in money can arise from effective awareness raising • When income levels are accounted for, variation is still 6 times 48

49. Inside Low Carbon Innovation: The Challenges Facing us • Global Overview – Climate Change Issues • The UK situation - The Twin Challenges of Energy Security and Carbon Reduction • Awareness Raising: Reducing demand and involving the community • The UK’s current performance on the road to a Low Carbon Future.

50. Average Domestic Consumption of Electricity • Raising awareness on energy use will save money • UK average is 4478 kWh per year at a cost of around £530 • Norwich average is 3535 kWh and is 6th best out of 408 Councils • Uttlesford average is 5884 kWh and is 396th out of 408 • NK Tovey’s average in a four bedroomed detached house is • <2250 kWh per year to 31st March 2010 [50% of National Average] • a reduction of 25% compared to on 18 months ago. • On average • Norwich – consumers will be paying 79% of National average • Uttlesford – consumers will be paying 131% of National average