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Emerging technologies for Sustainable Development

Emerging technologies for Sustainable Development. Joydeep Dutta. 1st Central Asia Leadership Programme on Environment for Sustainable Development. Asian Institute of Technology P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang , Pathumthani 12120 THAILAND. Driving Forces for Economic Growth. Knowledge

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Emerging technologies for Sustainable Development

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  1. Emerging technologies for Sustainable Development JoydeepDutta 1st Central Asia Leadership Programme on Environment for Sustainable Development Asian Institute of Technology P.O. Box 4, KlongLuang, Pathumthani 12120 THAILAND

  2. Driving Forces for Economic Growth Knowledge Creating Industries Light Industries: Semiconductors PCs Heavy Industries: Chemical; Shipbuilding SMILE Knowledge Intensive CyberTechnology Biotechnology Nanotechnology Capital Intensive • S for Systemization and integration • M for Materials and nanosciences • I for Information • L for Life Sciences • E for Environment Labor Intensive industries Pre-Modern Era 50’s - 60’s 70’s - 80’s 21st Century

  3. Sustainable Economic Growth? Astronomical increase in energy demand Individual energy consumption (Applied from Unesco Courier) Technological man- 1950AD Energy consumed in the form of food 350 Domestic: Energy for cooking, heating, etc. Services: Energy for office work, trade, etc. 300 Energy for industry and agriculture 250 Energy for transport Industrial Man-1875 AD 200 Gigajoules per person per year Developed Farmer- 1400 AD 150 Primitive farmer 5,000 BC Hunter 100,000 BC 100 Primitive man- 1,000,000 BC 50 0

  4. Environmental Pollution: A major concern

  5. The Geopolitical Changes Apollo UN • Global environmental change • Information technology • Collapse of USSR, hegemony of capitalism • WTO, multinationals, • Earth Summit, NGOs, Global Connectivity Take-off 1980-2000 1950 2000 2050

  6. Driving Forces for Economic Growth

  7. Steps for Emerging Technology Development Step 1: Identificationof new technology fields • Search for • Options and Solutions (market or public pull) • New Effects and Perspectives (technology push) Step 2: Valuationof the identified technology fields • Investigation of • Potential of Innovation, Development, and Market Success • Obstacles for Realisation and Implementation • Problem-solving Contributions and Possible Side Effects Step 3: Transpositionof measures for innovation • Elimination of Information- and Knowledge Deficits • Support of Adequate Frameworks • Implementation of new Instruments (e.g.: Competence Centres)

  8. the increase of our knowledge Science • the creation of working places • the manufacturing of marketable goods Economy • - direct impact of basic products • - indirect impact via leverage effects of basic units in complex systems • improvements for a better life • achievements towards a healthier society • the assurance of food availability Society • the development of renewable energies Direct Value Addition

  9. Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for next 50 years • ENERGY • WATER • FOOD • ENVIRONMENT • POVERTY • TERRORISM & WAR • DISEASE • EDUCATION • DEMOCRACY • POPULATION UN Report 2008

  10. Heavy Metal Detection Longitudinal peak 530 nm Gold nanoparticle Capped With chitosan Heavy Metal Ion No ion Cu 16 ppm absorbance (A.U.) 520 nm 10 nm 24 nm wavelength (nm)

  11. Detection of Heavy Metal- Sensor + • Surface plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles • Chelating metal properties of polymer Metal nanoparticle Polymer Metal nanoparticle Capped with polymer • Microfluidic2 24 nm 10 nm Colors of gold nanoparticles are varied by their size, shape and εeff1 1A.Sugunan, et al., Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 6 (2005), 335 - 340 2http://www.chem.agilent.com/Scripts/PCol.asp?lPage=50

  12. Surface area increase: Nanotechnology

  13. Gas sensing System-NaNose O. Pummakarnchana, N. Tripathi and J. Dutta, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 6 (2005) 251-255 Optional Display Temperature controller Reset MCU Communication Level detector Alarm system Sensor Amplifier Biasing

  14. Lotus Effect Water Droplet Lotus leaf surface 10~15µm • Higher contact angle • Non wetting surface • Self cleaning properties • Low surface energy • Physical effect • Micro structure surface • - Nano structure surface ~100nm (waxy material) Chemical effect - Low surface energy material

  15. Fakir or Cassie-Baxter Model An average human of 70kg, when spread out among ca. 600 nails, will feel only about 117g of force per nail(Human skin can endure approximately 900g of force) All of the force uniformly distributed on the tip of nails http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakir

  16. Dual roughness microstructure of superhydrophobic cotton surface Non-polar facet Exposed to Zn ions Polar facet ZnO uncoated surface The best coverage area < 40 % solid fraction turns a surface hydrophobic ZnO coated surface

  17. Applications – Real world §Stainless textiles § Smart textiles Resist spill Resist static Cool comfort §Anti-fouling sock www.nano-tex.com www.fibre2fashion.com www. globaltextiles.com www.dockersshoes.com/

  18. The World Today- Water Scarcity About 20,000 children die every day from water related diseases One out of six people in the world do not have access to safe drinking water 75% of all diseases in developing countries arise from polluted drinking water Report of the Third World Academy of Sciences

  19. nanoFilters Polyester Scrim-woven Polyurethane Foam (Pore size: 55-65 micron) Stainless Steel Porous Metal (Pore size: 40μm) Stainless Steel Screen (Mesh size: 150 x 150 μm)

  20. Water & Nanotechnology 3 ways nanotechnology can contribute to the availability of abundant potable water Sterilisation Decontamination Water- desalination

  21. Visible Light Photocatalysis ZnO (Eg = 3.2 eV) O2- Conduction Band Photo Reduction UV light 2.5 hours h(390nm) Band Gap h Photo Oxidation UV light Valence Band e- CO2 + H2O O2 VOC: Volatile organic compounds VOC h+ • ENVIRONMENT • Photocatalysis • Heavy metal Ion Sensors • Bacteria Sensing • Self Cleaning windows Degradation of Methylene Blue using ZnO nanowires grown on filter media ZnO nanowires grown on Fishing Net

  22. Ag/ZnO: Antibacterial Paint Patent pending, 2010

  23. Population and energy needs The growing world population Fossil fuels as a main energy sources The shortage of energy http://picture478.bloguez.com/picture478/page454/ http://www.indiana.edu/~bentweb/book.html

  24. Energy Sources Energy Sources • Renewable • Wind • Biomass • Solar • Nonrenewable • Oil • Coal • Natural Gas Why Solar Energy? • Abundant • Available ~ 86,000 TW/y • World Consumption ~ 15 TW/y • Never Ending http://ieneurope.com/eng/oil-and-gas-investing.html

  25. Energy Available http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Available_Energy-4.png

  26. GENERATIONS OF SOLAR CELL • Photovoltaic Effect – Invented by Edmund Becquerel in1839 • 1st Solar Cell was made in 1883 by Charles Fritts using Selenium • In 1954 – Commercial Solar Cell based on Single Silicon Crystal 4th Generation • Polymer & Multi • Junction Solar • Cell 1st Generation • Single Layer • PN Junction • Monocrystalline • Si 2nd Generation • Multi Layer • PN Junction • Polycrystalline • Si • Amorphous Si • CIGS • CdTe • GaAs 3rd Generation • Thin Film • Solar Cell • Dye Sensitized • Solar Cell • Organic Polymer • Solar Cell • Quantum Dot • Solar Cell

  27. UV light 5% to 7% Visible light 46% Infrared radiation 47% Future Quantum Dot Solar Cells 12.4 feV – 12.4 µeV 12.4 µeV – 12.4 meV 12.4 meV – 1.24 eV 1.24 eV – 12.4 eV 12.4 eV – 1.24 keV 1.24 keV – 124 keV 124 keV – 1.24 MeV Shockley-Queisser Limit for P-N junction Si solar cells: No Absorption Phonon Radiation Absorption Gamma Ray Ultra Violet Microwave Radio Visible Infrared X-Ray • For Si Solar Cell: Eg = 1.1 eV • E<Eg: Transmission (18.50%) • E>Eg: Thermalisation (47.00%) • Recombination (1.50%) • Remaining Efficiency = 33.00% Solar spectra W. Shockley, H. J. Queisser, J. Appl. Phys.1961; 32 (3): 510 – 51

  28. Renewable Hydrogen Energy Fuel cell car • Clean energy • Be obtained from the high abundant • compounds on earth such as water and HCs • High thermal efficiency (35-40%) • On-broad production http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/articles-renewable-energy-transmission/h2-fuel-cell.shtml http://www.ecoautoninja.com/eco-auto-government-industry-news/gm-may-cut-fuel-cell-development-32250/

  29. Hydrogen Production Natural gas Wood/crops Municipal solid waste Energy Methane Methanol Reagent Ethanol Reforming Process Product H2 Why Methanol? • Low cost • Low boiling point (64.7oC) • No sulfur • Low reforming temp. • High H/C • Easy to store Methanol CH3OH

  30. Implications of a business as usual approach … By 2030… • Global energy demand up by 45% • Oil price up to USD 180 per barrel (IEA) • GHG emissions up 45% • Global average temperature trajectory +6 °C • Economic losses equivalent to 5-10% of global GDP as compared to the 3% of GDP loss from the current financial crisis; • Poor countries will suffer costs in excess of 10% of their GDP

  31. Some Examples of ESD @ AIT • Research Focus on “Sustainable Development in the Context of Climate Change” • AIT-UNEP Regional Resource Center for Asia-Pacific • 3R-Knowledge Hub • Yunus Center at AIT • CSR Asia Center at AIT • ASEAN Regional Center of Excellence on MDGs • Center of Excellence in Nanotechnology

  32. Thank You www.ait.asia

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