Social Change

1. Social Change

2. Social Change • “The transformation of culture and social institutions over time”. • Social change happen all the time. • Social change is often intentional but often unplanned. • Social change is controversial. • Social changes matter more than other. “ social change” Instructor: Saba Nasir

3. Causes of Social Change • Culture & Change • Invention, discovery, diffusion. • Conflict & Change • Ideas & Change • Demographic Change “ social change” Instructor: Saba Nasir

4. Modernity • “Social Pattern resulting from industrialization” • Modernization : “Process of social change begun by industrialization”. • Peter Berger (1977) gives Four Dimensions of Modernization: • The decline of small traditional communities. • The expansion of personal choice. • Increasing social diversity. • Future orientation & growing awareness of time. “ social change” Instructor: Saba Nasir

5. Ferdinand Tonnies:The Loss Of Communities • Theory of Gemeinschaft & Gesellschaft. • Gemeinschaft: human community. • Gesellschaft: self interest • Industrial revolution weakened the social fabric of family & tradition by introducing business like emphasis on fact efficiency & money. • But Tonnies overlooked bonds of family, neighborhood & friendship in modern society, even in the world of strangers modern friendship can be strong & lasting. “ social change” Instructor: Saba Nasir

6. Emile Durkheim: The Division of Labor • Modernization is defined as “increasing division of labor, or specialized economic activity” • Pre industrial societies are held together by mechanical solidarity, or shared moral sentiments. • Mechanical solidarity virtually the same as Tonnies Gemeinschaft. • Modernization introduce division of labor & organic solidarity, mutual dependency of people engaged in specialized work. • Organic solidarity virtually the same as Tonnies Gesellschaft. “ social change” Instructor: Saba Nasir

7. Emile Durkheim: The Division of Labor continue….. • Modern societies are held together not by likeness but by difference. • Modernization is not the loss of community but as the change from community based likeness to community based economic interdependence. • Durkheim had optimistic approach but he feared that modern societies become so diverse that they would collapse into state of anomie, a condition in which norms & values become weak & inconsistent with little moral guidance. • Anomie: a condition in which norms & values become weak & inconsistent with little moral guidance. “ social change” Instructor: Saba Nasir

8. Max Weber: Rationalization • Modernity means replacing traditional world view with a rational way of thinking. • Modern people adopt whatever social pattern allow them to achieve their goals. • He favors technological & organizational advancement but worried that science turn us away from more basic question about human existence. “ social change” Instructor: Saba Nasir

9. Karl Marx: Capitalism • Modern societies are same as capitalism. • Modernity weakened small communities, sharpened the division of labor & foster a rational world view. • He saw all these as conditions of capitalism. • Social conflict in capitalist societies results revolutionary change • Underestimating the dominance of bureaucracy. “ social change” Instructor: Saba Nasir

10. Postmodernity • Social pattern characteristic of post industrial societies. • In important respects, modernity has falled. • The bright light of progress is fading. • Science no longer holds the answer. • Cultural debates are intensifying. • Social institutions are changing. “ social change” Instructor: Saba Nasir