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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Rocks. Section 1: The Rock Cycle. What Is A Rock?. A rock is a mixture of one or more minerals, rock fragments, volcanic glass, organic matter, or other natural materials. Rock can be igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary. Section 1: The Rock Cycle. The Rock Cycle.

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Rocks

  2. Section 1: The Rock Cycle What Is A Rock? • A rock is a mixture of one or more minerals, rock fragments, volcanic glass, organic matter, or other natural materials. • Rock can be igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary.

  3. Section 1: The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle • Scientists created a model that describes how rocks slowly change from one form to another through time called the rock cycle. • James Hutton, a Scottish physician and naturalist, first recognized in 1788 that rocks undergo profound changes

  4. Section 2: Igneous Rock Formation of Igneous Rock • Molten rock material, called magma, flows when it is hot and becomes solid when it cools. • When hot magma cools and hardens, it forms igneous rock.

  5. Section 2: Igneous Rock Formation of Igneous Rock • When magma reaches Earth’s surface and flows from volcanoes, it is called lava. • As magma cools, atoms and compounds in the liquid rearrange themselves into new crystals called mineral grains.

  6. Section 2: Igneous Rock Formation of Igneous Rock • Rocks that form from magma below the surface are called intrusive igneous rocks. • Intrusive rocks are found at the surface only after the layers of rock and soil that once covered them have been removed by erosion. • Extrusive igneous rocks are formed as lava cools on the surface of Earth.

  7. Section 2: Igneous Rock Classifying Igneous Rocks • Igneous rock can form from basaltic, granitic, or andesitic magma. • Basaltic: • Igneous rocks are dense, dark-colored rocks. • They form from magma that is rich in iron and magnesium.

  8. Section 2: Igneous Rock Classifying Igneous Rocks • Granitic: • Igneous rocks are light-colored rocks of low density. • This magma is thick and stiff and contains a lot of silica but less amounts of iron and magnesium.

  9. Section 2: Igneous Rock Classifying Igneous Rocks • Andesitic: • Igneous rocks that have mineral compositions between those of basaltic and granitic rocks

  10. Section 3: Metamorphic Rocks Formation of Metamorphic Rocks • Rocks that have changed because of changes in temperature and pressure or the presence of hot, watery fluids is called metamorphic rock.

  11. Section 3: Metamorphic Rocks Formation of Metamorphic Rocks • Metamorphic rock can be formed by heat, pressure, and/or fluids. • In some places, the heat and pressure are just right to cause rocks to melt and magma to form. • In others, mineral grains can dissolve and recrystallizing occurs.

  12. Section 3: Metamorphic Rocks Classifying Metamorphic Rocks • When mineral grains line up in parallel layers, the metamorphic rock is said to have a foliated texture. • One example: • Slate

  13. Section 3: Metamorphic Rocks Classifying Metamorphic Rocks • Non-foliated texture is produced when mineral grains grow and rearrange but do not form layers. • Examples: • Sandstone • Marble

  14. Section 4: Sedimentary Rocks Formation of Sedimentary Rocks • 75% of the rocks exposed at the surface are sedimentary rocks. • Sediments are loose materials such as rock fragments, mineral grains, and bits of shell that have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity.

  15. Section 4: Sedimentary Rocks Formation of Sedimentary Rocks • Sedimentary rock forms when sediments are pressed and cemented together, or when minerals form from solutions. • Sedimentary rocks often form as layers.

  16. Section 4: Sedimentary Rocks Classifying Sedimentary Rocks • Sedimentary rocks can be made of just about any material found in nature. • Weathered and eroded rocks • Remains of organisms • Erosion moves sediments to a new location which causes it to build up layer upon layer.

  17. Section 4: Sedimentary Rocks Classifying Sedimentary Rocks • Pressure from the upper layers pushes down on the lower layers and they can stick together to form solid rock. • This process is called compaction.

  18. Section 4: Sedimentary Rocks Classifying Sedimentary Rocks • Cementation occurs when minerals such as quartz, calcite, and hematite are deposited between the pieces of sediment. • These minerals, acting as natural cements, hold the sediment together like glue.

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