CHINA

1. CHINA Traditional China

2. Son of Heaven • The King • Served as a link between heaven and Earth • King consulted spirits of ancestors to find answers to problems • Oracle Bones • Sheep or goat bones with questions written on them. • Bones were heated • Cracks revealed answers from the Heavens.

3. Pictographs • Pictures of objects • Early Chinese writing used pictographs

5. Ideographs • Symbols to express ideas

6. Mandate of Heaven • Heaven granted a ruler a right to rule. • The people, in turn, obeyed the ruler and were loyal and obedient.

7. Dynastic Cycle

8. Chinese Social Structure • Based on four Confucians ideas: • 1) Age • 2) Sex • 3) Education • 4) Occupation

9. Chinese Social Structure Social Pyramid: • Emperor • Scholars;Government Officials • GENTRY: Landowners; Warlords • Peasants • Merchants; Artisans • Soldiers Note: Amount of people in class indicated by size of word; Importance indicated from top to bottom.

11. Gentry • Wealthy landowners educated in Confucian classics. • The Leisure Class • Looked down on those who had to perform physical work • Let fingernails grow to to show they did not do physical work. • THREE ROLES: • 1) Collected taxes • 2) Maintained the peace • 3) Advised the Emperor

12. Peasants • Worked small plots of land • Some owned the land • Some worked as tenant farmers • Some were landless laborers • Made cloth; furniture; etc.

13. Social Mobility • Artisans; Merchants; Peasants • Wealth was used to educate their sons. • If a young man could pass the examinations he could become a government official

14. Joint Family • Included multiple generations. • Oldest male had the most authority.

15. Filial Piety • Family’s interests are placed before ones own. • Parents expect complete obedience and respect.

16. Respect for Ancestors • Extended Family: • Included living; dead; future generations. • 3 Primary Forms: • Provided them with food, clothing, and other necessities. • Family created sons so that traditions could be continued. • Held memorial services to ancestors.

17. Arranged Marriages • Parents arrange marriages for their children. • What to base it on? • Peasant: • Woman who could work hard and bear many children • Gentry: • Resources of a bride’s family • Dowry • Groom paid the bride’s family.

18. Chinese View of Women • View of Women: • Inferior to men. • Valued for work • Valued for ability to bear children • Foot Binding • Feet of women were bound • Kept feet small • Large feet were unattractive

21. Right: Bound foot. Below: Schema of an x-ray comparison between an unbound and bound foot

22. China’s Dynasties Xia – Shang – Zhou – Qin – Han – Tang – Song – Yuan – Ming – Qing

23. Xia • Founder of Dynasty: Yu • According to legend, Yu tamed the Hwang He and founded the Xia Dynasty Location =

24. Shang 1650 BCE • Origin of Dynasty: • Strong rulers over the agricultural lands of China. • Religious/Philosophical Ideas: • Dynastic rule • Son of Heaven • Emperor was the link between Earth and Heaven (Heaven - the home of many Gods) • Achievements: • Form of writing (pictographs; ideographs) • Accurate calender • Bronze (weapons; everyday goods)

25. Zhou 1027 BCE • Origin of Dynasty: • Invaders from northwest • Political Idea (Justification for Rise to Power): • Mandate of Heaven

26. Qin • Origin of Dynasty (Founder): • Emperor conquered his neighbors and called himself the Shi Huangdi (“First Emperor”) • Religious/Philosophical Ideas: • Legalistic Principals • Achievements: • Established a single: • code of law • uniform weights and measures • currency • Built first Great Wall

27. Han • Origin of Dynasty (Founder): • Liu Bang (lyoh bong) • Religious/Philosophical Ideas: • Central control; Confucian learning • Contact with Outside World: • Silk Road = Trade with west • Key route of trade through central asia’s deserts to Persia • Called silk road because of the demand for Chinese silk. • Buddhism introduced to China via the Silk Road • Achievements: • Built second Great Wall • Learned to make paper • Set up civil service exam system. • Created a prosperous trade route (The Silk Road) • Medical Treatments (acupuncture)

28. Tang & Song Dynasties • General Description: • The “Golden Ages” of China • Religious/Philosophical Ideas: • Embraced Confucianism. • Perfected Exam System. • Concentrated Power among the Scholar Elite • Achievements: • The sternpost rudder • Magnetic compass • Became a naval power • Block printing • Moveable type (literature flourished) Tang Song

29. Yuan • Origin of Dynasty (founders): • Mongols • Ghenghiz Khan • Conquered land from the Pacific all the way westward to the Danube River in Europe. • Kublai Khan • Gave a Chinese name to his dynasty: Yuan • Relationship with Chinese: • Did not want Chinese in powerful positions • Wanted to preserve Mongol culture • Chinese resented foreign rule • Achievements: • Marco Polo visits China • Infrastructure • Roads; Messenger System; Trade Routes. Kublai Khan

30. Ming • Origin of Dynasty (founder): • Zhu Yuanzhang (joo yoo ahn jahng) • Called himself Ming Hung Wu • 1368 – Captures Beijing from Mongols • Peasant general claims mandate of heaven. • Religious/Philosophical Ideas: • Revived Confucian Learning • Contact with Outside World: • Achievements: • Built Imperial Palace “The Forbidden City” Hung Wu

32. Qing • Origin of Dynasty (founder): • Established by Manchu invaders. • Religious/Philosophical Ideas: • Forbid marrying with Chinese • Forbid wearing Chinese clothing. • Contact with Outside World: • Wished to limit contact with foreigners

33. Chinese Philosophies • 4 Key Philosophies • Confucianism • Buddhism • Taoism • Legalism

34. Confucius (Confucianism) • Facial Expression: • Sour • Attitude toward Life: • Life is sour. • Life would be better with strict rules. • Strict order.

35. Buddha (Buddhism) • Facial Expression: • Bitter • Attitude toward life: • Bitter • Necessary to transcend this world. • Physical world filled with illusions and desires that lead to suffering.

36. Lao Tzu (Taoism) • Facial Expression: • Smiling • Attitude toward life: • World governed by laws of nature. • Natural order to the world, man should not interfere or else the world falls out of balance.

37. Confucianism • Birth of Confucius: • 551 BCE • Confucianism: • Stresses the need to develop responsibility and moral character through rigid ruled of behavior.

38. Confucius’ Birthday • Teacher’s Day • In mainland China (People's Republic of China) Confucius is honored on the anniversary of his death - October 1st. • In Taiwan, he his honored on the anniversary of his birth - September 28th. His birthday is a legal holiday in Taiwan. It is referred to as “Teacher's Day” since Confucius is considered the greatest teacher in Chinese history.

39. The Analects • record of the words and acts of the philosopher Confucius and his disciples.

40. Confucianism • Ren • BEING • (The Golden Rule) – do onto others as… • Primary teaching of Confucius • “LOVE OTHERS” • Yi • DOING/MEANS • (Behave properly/ fulfill responsibilities) • Righteousness • Li • ENDS • (Self Interest) • Profit; gain; advantage (one should not practice this) Li

41. Confucius’ Relationships • Five Relationships • Purpose: to govern human society • 1) Ruler and ruled • 2) Father and son • 3) Older brother and younger brother • 4) husband and wife • 5)* friend and friend • *In all but (5), one person has authority over another and the superior should set an example for the inferior.

42. Buddhism • Buddha’s Given Name: • Prince Siddharta Guatama • Buddha’s Birth: • Where: • Ancient India • When: • 553 B.C.E. • Buddha – • “Awakened One” Buddha

43. Buddhism • The Four Noble Truths: 1. Life is filled with suffering. 2. Suffering is caused by people’s wants. 3. Suffering can be ended if people stop wanting things. 4. To stop wanting things people must follow the Eightfold Path ( 8 basic laws)

45. Buddhism • The Middle Way • Eightfold Path was designed to guide people without making life too strict or too easy. • The Middle Way- • The name Buddhists call lived guided by the laws of the Eightfold Path. Wheel with eight spokes – a symbol for following the eightfold path.

46. Taoism • Main Themes: • Intuition • Simplicity • Spontaneity • The way of nature

47. Taosim – Key Definitions • Tao: The way of nature of the universe • Yin/Yang: balance of opposing forces • Wu Wei: (non-doing) behavior that is spontaneous, natural, and effortless. (Going with the flow) • Pu: (The uncarved block) things in their natural state. • Te: (the flowing power) virtue obtained through balance, compassion, and living simply. • Ch’i: cosmic energy

48. Masculine Active Light Warmth Strong Heaven Sun Feminine Passive Darkness Cold Weak Earth Moon Yin/Yang

49. Taoism • Lao Zi (6th-3rd Century BCE) • Creator of the foundation of Taoist philosophy. • Legend: Born immaculately as an 82 year old man • Lived simply in mountains, but put under guard and forced to write his life’s wisdom. • Important literature: • Tao Te Ching • Written by Lao Zi and several other teachers. • Basic text of Taoist thought.

50. Taoist Influences on Chinese Culture • Acupuncture • I Ching • Tai Chi • Feng Shui