First Aid and Emergency Procedures

First Aid and Emergency Procedures Standard 3 Objective 1 / CDA Goal 1 PAGE 3 and 4

HI ECE 1B STUDENT! • THERE IS MORE INFORMATION ON THESE SLIDES THAN YOU WILL BE ASKED TO WRITE DOWN. • THE ANSWERS TO YOUR ECE 1B REVIEW GUIDE ARE NUMBERED ON THE FOLLOWING SLIDES. • ANYTHING NOT NUMBERED IS JUST EXTRA INFORMATION FOR YOU TO SKIM OVER.

Preparation Provides • The knowledge and skill needed to handle emergency medical care. With proper training, you will know how and when to treat illnesses and injuries. • Power, strength, and control. It will remove a lot of the fear when injuries happen. Believe me that they will happen!

CPR training, first aid, special care, and emergency plans • All employees in the child care should be certified by the American Red Cross. • Conduct first aid in-service training at the beginning of each year for all center personnel. • Have emergency procedures posted throughout the center. • Make sure all employees understand the rules and that they are followed and carried out as needed. • Identify any special care needed by children and employees.

First Aid Kit • Keep a first aid kit handy and well stocked. • Store all items in one area. • Take the first aid kit with you on field trips. • Children with special needs should be accounted for when putting your first aid kit together. (Diabetes, Bee Sting kit)

Suzie falls down and scrapes her knee outside. • Melissa got a paper cut from a book she was reading. She is bleeding just a little bit, but not badly. What do you do? • Kate is playing in the sandbox with sand accessories. She trips and falls on a sand toy. As a result, she obtains an abrasion on her arm. What should you do?

1 (8). Minor cuts and Abrasions • How Acquired:From falling and handling objects. • Wash your hands well, then take a look. 2. If the wound is bleeding, apply direct pressure with a clean bandage or towel until the bleeding stops. (If the bleeding doesn't stop after ten minutes of direct pressure, take your baby to the emergency room.) 3. After the bleeding stops, check for glass, dirt, or other foreign materials in the wound. If you see anything, try to flush it out with cool running water. If that doesn't work, use tweezers to carefully lift out the debris. 4. Then gently wash the wound well with soap and warm water, and carefully pat it dry. If your baby strenuously objects to washing, try having him soak the wounded area in the bathtub. 5. It's not crucial, but applying an antibiotic ointment such as Polysporin or Bacitracin after washing and drying the area can help reduce the risk of infection. Don't use rubbing alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, iodine, or Mercurochrome. Not only will they cause your baby more pain — they may actually slow healing. 6. Small cuts and scrapes heal faster when left open to the air, so unless the cut is in a spot that's likely to get dirty or rub against your baby's clothing, you can skip the bandage.

Bleeding badly • Juan falls off the slide and starts to cry. Approaching him, you notice blood, which indicates that he has an open wound. What should you do? • Joey was climbing outside and cut his head. The wound is 2" long and ½ “ deep. • Justin slipped on the playground and his knee is bleeding heavily. How do you stop the bleeding?

Bleeding Badly • How Acquired:From falling and handling objects. 1. You'll need to act quickly. If your child has lost consciousness or appears to be in shock, have someone call 911 immediately while you begin first aid. Lay your baby down with his feet elevated about 6 inches. This will increase blood flow to the brain and reduce the risk of shock. If possible, elevate the part of his body that's bleeding in order to reduce blood flow to that area.2. Put sterile gloves on your hands. Next, using a sterile bandage or cloth, apply firm pressure directly to the wound. If nothing else is available, use the palm of your hand (after washing your hands, if possible). Maintain steady pressure until the bleeding stops.3. If it doesn't stop, keep the pressure on to minimize the bleeding until you can get help. If blood soaks through the bandage you're using, don't remove it. Instead, just add another layer on top. (You don't want to disturb any clots that may have started to form.)4. Try to keep calm and to calm your child. Anxiety will raise his heart rate, pumping more blood to the site.5. Once the bleeding stops, leave the bandage or cloth in place. To maintain pressure, tie another bandage — or wrap plastic wrap or duct tape — firmly around the bandages and the injured area. (Don't make it too tight, though. You don't want to cut off your baby's circulation.)6. If your baby is awake and alert, take him to the nearest emergency room as soon as possible. If he's lightheaded or woozy, call 911.

After playing water games outside all morning, Bill cheeks and the tops of his ears are red and they hurt. • Rob touches the hot plate during the crayon melt activity and burns himself. It formed a blister.

2. Minor Burn Classification and Treatment First Degree: (Minor Burn) Most first degree burns are superficial and can be cared for at home without the help of a medical professional. These burns are much like typical sunburns and are cared for in a similar way. You should immerse the burn in cool water (do not use ice!) and then blot it gently and apply burn cream and then cover with a dry, clean, non-stick pad. These burns usually leave the skin red and mildly swollen. The skin sensations are intact and the burn is painful to the touch. Most average sunburns are characterized as first degree burns.

*Second Degree: Second degree burns are more serious and should be seen by a medical professional. If the burn seems very severe report to an emergency room or call 911. Although second degree burns often look like first degree burns, in the sense that they are red, the damage goes deeper. With these burns, the pain is more intense and blistering may occur. The burns may also be wet, or weeping and may have a shiny surface. It is advised that these burns are not touched or covered.

*Third Degree: These burns are the most serious. Third degree burns are very deep and the burn often appears white, deep red, or black because of skin death. These burns are often without sensation because nerve endings have been damaged. It is important that these burns are not touched, or covered unless absolutely necessary. Any contact with the burned skin can cause more damage and heighten the chance of infection.

BURNS: cont’d If the child begins running when clothing is on fire, what Should you do? Use a bucket of water or smother flames with nonflammable materials. Lie on top and roll with the child to smother the flames. What items should not be used on burns? Butter, cream, ointment, chicken skin or other home remedies.

3. Closed Wound/ Bumps and bruises • How Acquired: From falling, being struck and running into something. • Type of Wound: Bruise • Diagnosis: Pain and swelling in the area. • Treatment: Cold Cloth or pack. (A frozen bag of peas works great.

Concussion • When a closed-head injury — meaning one in which no object penetrates the skull — causes a change in the normal functioning of the brain, it's called a concussion. The injury might be from a violent blow, a fall, or a severe shaking.A child with a concussion may lose consciousness or have problems with his vision, memory, or balance. This sounds scary, but in most cases the effects are minor and temporary and the child recovers completely. • Your baby may have one or more of these early symptoms: • loss of consciousness • drowsiness • dizziness • confusion • vomiting • irritability • drainage, clear or bloody, from his nose, mouth, or ears

Unconscious • If your baby hits his head and starts breathing irregularly, has convulsions, or is unconscious, call for immediate help. Don't move him unless he's in danger of being hurt further. Perform CPR if he isn't breathing, and if he's bleeding, cover the wound with a clean cloth and apply pressure. • If your baby loses consciousness, though, have him checked out by his doctor or by the doctor at the emergency room. Sometimes, even with a minor blow, the brain can be injured.Also take your baby to a doctor right away if he hits his head and in the next day or two he: • Is vomiting. It's okay to have a bout of vomiting after a fall, but it shouldn't persist. • Seems unusually sleepy during the day or can't be awakened at night. Try waking your baby a couple of times the first night after his fall, just to make sure you can. • Seems weak or confused, or seems to have problems with coordination, vision, or verbal communication.

SHOCK: List several symptoms of shock. How would you prevent loss of body heat in a child suffering from shock? List conditions that can cause shock. What do you do to treat a child in shock. Pale, blue-gray skin, rapid weak pulse, shallow fast breathing, cold clammy skin, sweating, dizziness, blurred vision, restlessness, thirst, unconsciousness. Cover child to prevent loss of body heat but do not overheat. Dehydration,, reactions to insect bites and medications, burns, electric shock, heart trouble, severe bleeding, infection. Direct pressure to bleeding, raise legs above heart, loosen tight clothing, turn head to one side, keep warm, stay calm.

4. Pink eye – conjunctivitis • If the whites of one or both of your baby's eyes and the lower rim of either of his eyelids are red after the newborn stage, chances are he has conjunctivitis, also known as pinkeye or red-eye. Conjunctivitis happens when an infection, an allergen, or some other irritant inflames the transparent membrane covering the whites of the eyes and the inside of the eyelids (the conjunctiva). As your baby's system tries to fight the infection, his eyes may tear or become goopy or crusty.It's important that conjunctivitis be treated promptly, so call your baby's doctor as soon as you notice these symptoms. • If your baby has viral or bacterial conjunctivitis, he may find a warm compress comforting. Simply soak a clean cloth in warm water and place it on your baby's eyes (while he's feeding might be a good time). • Warning: Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis are both extremely contagious. To keep this kind of infection from spreading, you'll need to wash your hands every time you finish caring for your baby's eyes. Keep his towels, clothing, and bedding separate from everyone else's, and wash these items regularly.If your baby goes to daycare, you'll need to check the policy to find out whether he can attend while he still has symptoms. (Some facilities allow children to return after 24 hours of treatment. Others don't let them come back until they no longer have any eye discharge.)

5. POISON SAFETY: • Cleaning supplies should be locked up. • Never store in old food containers. • Mark poison symbol on dangerous items. • Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, burns on mouth, convulsions. • Keep Poison Control Center phone number next to the phone. 801-581-2151 • Determine what & how much the child ingested. • Poison control will tell you the next steps to take. • DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING UNLESS THEY TELL YOU TO. 1-800-456-7707

6. Choking What should you do if a child is choking? • Encourage them to cough. • Never pound on the back • IF THERE IS NO SOUND or BREATHING , use abdominal thrust as many times as needed. • If they pass out, lay them down and call 911. • Begin CPR assessment

7. Bloody Nose • First, stay calm and reassure your toddler. Nosebleeds are very common and are rarely a cause for concern.Tell your toddler to spit out any blood that might be in his mouth. Then seat him in your lap and have him lean forward slightly.Using a tissue or a clean, soft washcloth, gently pinch the soft part of his nose shut. Apply gentle, constant pressure for a full ten minutes. (Resist the temptation to peek earlier to see if the bleeding has stopped.)During this time, remind your child to breathe through his mouth and continue to reassure him, if necessary. You might distract him by looking at a book together or watching a video.After ten minutes, release the pressure and see if the bleeding has stopped. If it hasn't, pinch your toddler's nose closed for another ten minutes. You can also apply a cold compress to the bridge of his nose. If that doesn't do the trick, give your child's doctor a call.Two important tips: • Don't tilt your toddler's head back or let him lie down. Either would allow the blood to run down his throat, which tastes bad and could make him vomit. • Don't pack his nose with cotton during or after a nosebleed. Bleeding can start right back up again when you remove the cotton and disrupt any clots that have formed.

Puncture wound • Sylvia got a sliver in his finger from the fence outside. How do you handle this situation? • Matthew was running with a pencil in his hand. He tripped and fell and the lead is stuck in his palm. How do you handle this situation? • Ali was climbing on the jungle gym when she reached her hand into a wasps hive and was stung.

9. Insect Bite or Puncture Wound • How Acquired: Made by sharp objects such as nails, splinters, sticksor insect bites and stings • Treatment: If your child has a puncture wound, you'll want to wash your hands and then take a good look at the injury. Using a stream of water, wash it with soap and rinse it well for five minutes. Without probing, look to make sure that there's nothing in the wound. • If you see anything, or if a piece of the object that caused the wound is missing (the end of a hook, for example), take your toddler to the emergency room. Apply pressure above and below the object, not directly on • the object itself. Do not remove the object. • Also take him to the emergency room if he's bleeding and you can't control it with pressure. (Most puncture wounds don't bleed much, though.)Otherwise, apply antibacterial ointment and a clean bandage. If your toddler is in pain, you can give him the proper dose of acetaminophen. Watch for allergic reactions or infection. • Inform the parents.

Bites • How Acquired: Human or animal • Type of Wound: Puncture • Diagnosis: Evidence is left. • Treatment: Skin is not broken just wash the wound. If it is see a DR.

10. Low grade temperature - • A fever is usually a sign that the body is waging a war against infection. Taking your child's temperature can confirm your suspicions and help you and your child's doctor figure out the best way to get your child back on the road to health. • Most doctors – and the American Academy of Pediatrics – agree that a normal body temperature for a healthy child is between 97 and 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (36 to 38 degrees Celsius). If your child's temperature is above this range, he has a fever. • How can I tell if my child's fever is serious? • A temperature reading isn't the only indication of whether a fever is serious. • Behavior is a factor: A high fever that doesn't stop your child from playing and eating normally may not be cause for alarm. • Activity is a factor: Children are hotter if they've been running around than when they wake up from a nap. If your baby seems like his usual playful, happy and is feeding well, he's probably not seriously ill. A baby who has a runny nose and a big smile is probably not as sick as a baby who has a runny nose and is lethargic. • Keep in mind that everyone's temperature rises in the late afternoon and early evening and falls between midnight and early morning. This natural cycle of our internal thermostat explains why doctors get most of their phone calls about fever in the late afternoon and early evening.

Okay to give them Aspirin? • Never give your baby aspirin or any medication containing aspirin unless instructed to do so by your baby's doctor. Aspirin can make a child susceptible to Reye's syndrome – a rare but potentially fatal illness. Don't assume that the children's medicines found in drugstores will be aspirin-free. • Read labels carefully (aspirin is sometimes referred to as "salicylate" or "acetylsalicylic acid"), and ask your doctor or pharmacist if you're not sure whether a product is aspirin-free. • For fever and other discomfort, ask your doctor about giving your baby acetaminophen or ibuprofen – but never give ibuprofen to a baby younger than 6 months.

SEIZURES/CONVULSIONS: What should you look for in a seizure? Sudden rise in temperature, loss of consciousness, stiff body, held breath, jerking of limbs, loss of bowel control, confusion, drowsiness. Why do seizures occur? Disruption of normal electrical impulse patters of brain. May be spontaneous or set off by poisons, fevers, or infections.

SEIZURES/CONVULSIONS: cont’d How can you help a child who is having a seizure? Do not panic! Lay child in middle of floor on side so tongue doesn’t fall back & block airway. Do not leave child alone, do not force anything in the mouth. When it is over leave child on side and call a doctor.

EYE INJURY: What steps should you take if a child complains of something, like sand, in the eye? Small speck of dust is not serious. The eye will naturally wash itself out with tears if given time. What should you do for a foreign body embedded in the eye? How might you remove a foreign body from the eye if it is not embedded? Do not try to remove it. Cover eye with clean clothe and tape in place. Take child to ER. If object is not embedded, pour a glass of water across the open eye and ask child to look up while you remove object with corner of handkerchief.

BROKEN BONES: Explain the three different types of fractures. Simple fracture: Broken in one place. Compound fracture: Broken in 2 or more places. Greenstick fracture: Bones bend like a tree limb. What are the symptoms of a fracture? Pain, swelling, bruising, possible deformation, being unable to move without pain.

Remember!!! • Call for help!!!

10. FIRE SAFETY: • Everyone Stay calm. • Children should learn to recognize the danger of fire and treat fire with caution. • Have regular fire drills • A written plan of action • We will gather the children and walk them to the seminary building. • A posted map for evacuation • LHS will take the children to the Seminary Building If you saw smoke coming from underneath a closed door what would you do if you were working in child care?

11. Earthquake • Earthquake drill: Children take cover under desks, tables, or in doorways. • Students and teacher under larger tables, against walls covering head, or in doorways. • Do not leave building.

12. Intruder alert • Lockdown- lock doors, take cover away from doors. • Infants stay in the infant room in the sleeping area. • Toddlers and preschoolers go into the observation booth. • Cindy, Julie, and Terry will lock doors while the students take the children to the safe locations.

PERSONAL SAFETY: • Define to children what a “Stranger” is. • Do not label children’s clothing or bags with their name. Why? • Teach children about “Safe Touching”. • Instruct children to never give out their name, address or phone number over the internet.

TRAFFIC SAFETY: • Children should learn to stop before crossing the street. • And learn to cross a street safely. • Children should learn to interpret traffic signals. How would you teach that?

WATER SAFETY: • Any form of water play should be carefully supervised. • Children should never be left unsupervised when near a swimming pool, wading pool, or pond How many inches of water does it take to drown a child? 1”

DROWNING: If a child is conscious after drowning, what do you do? What should you do for a drowned, unconscious child who is breathing? • Cover the child and keep them warm and dry until help arrives. • Remove the child from the water & do nothing by wait for help

First Aid and Emergency Procedures