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Understanding Alkenes and Alkynes: Structure, Naming, and Isomerism

This chapter explores the chemistry of alkenes and alkynes, highlighting the differences between saturated and unsaturated compounds. Unsaturated compounds possess carbon-carbon double (alkenes) or triple (alkynes) bonds, affecting their hydrogen atom count. The naming conventions follow the IUPAC rules where alkenes end in "-ene" and alkynes in "-yne." Proper nomenclature involves identifying and numbering substituents to denote their positions. Additionally, this chapter introduces geometric isomerism, focusing on cis/trans configurations due to fixed double bonds.

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Understanding Alkenes and Alkynes: Structure, Naming, and Isomerism

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  1. Chapter 12 Alkenes and Alkynes Geometric Isomers of Alkenes

  2. Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds • Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom • Unsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanes • Unsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds

  3. Comparing Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes

  4. Alkenes • Carbon-carbon double bonds • Names end in -ene H2C=CH2 ethene (ethylene) H2C=CH-CH3 propene (propylene) cyclohexene

  5. Alkynes • Carbon-carbon triple bonds • Names end in -yne HCCH ethyne(acetylene) HCC-CH3 propyne

  6. Naming Alkenes and Alkynes When the carbon chain has 4 or more C atoms, number the chain to give the lowest number to the double or triple bond. 1 2 3 4 CH2=CHCH2CH3 1-butene CH3CH=CHCH3 2-butene CH3CCCH3 2-butyne

  7. Naming Alkenes and Alkynes Name and number all groups bonded to the parent alkene or alkyne, and place the name and number in front of the name of the parent compound. 1 2 3 4 CH3C=CHCH3 2-chloro-2-butene Cl

  8. You Try These! Write the IUPAC name for each of the following unsaturated compounds: A. CH3CH2CCCH3 CH3 B. CH3C=CHCH3 C.

  9. Answers to You Try These! Write the IUPAC name for each of the following unsaturated compounds: A. CH3CH2CCCH3 2-pentyne CH3 B. CH3C=CHCH3 C. 2-methyl-2-butene 3-methylcyclopentene

  10. Naming Alkenes and Alkynes If more than one double or triple bond is present, indicate the position of each and use one of the suffixes –diene, -triene, and so on. • CH2=C-CH=CH2 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene CH3

  11. Cis and Trans Isomers • Double bond is fixed • Cis/trans Isomers are possible CH3 CH3 CH3 CH = CH CH = CH cis trans CH3

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