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Understanding Macromolecules: The Building Blocks of Life

This guide dives into the world of macromolecules, the large organic molecules essential for life, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explores their structures, functions, and sources. Learn the differences between monomers and polymers, the roles of each macromolecule type, and their importance in biological systems. From energy storage in carbohydrates to genetic information in nucleic acids, each section provides essential insights into how these molecules interact and contribute to life processes.

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Understanding Macromolecules: The Building Blocks of Life

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  1. Drill 2 Quote: It’s not what happens to you, but how you react to it that matters.Epictetus Agenda: Cornell Notes (10 mins) Scientific Inquiry (10-15 mins) Macromolecules Warm-up: List 4 safety practices that should always be used in a science classroom.

  2. Biochemistry Notes MACROMOLECULES Organic Compounds and Their Properties

  3. Organic Chemistry • Organic chemistryis the study of: molecules containing carbon to carbon bonds. • Macromolecules are very large organic molecules.

  4. Four Biological Macromolecules • Carbohydrates- starches & sugars • Lipids- fats • Proteins • Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA

  5. To build macromoleucles, smaller units (subunits) called monomers are put together. Many single units, called monomers, bond together to form larger chains called polymers. Building Blocks of Life

  6. Fig. 2-12 Monomer Polymer

  7. Carbohydrates Elements: 1C:2H:1O starches and sugars

  8. Carbohydrates MONOMER:Glucose – C6H12O6 -simple sugar that cell’s use as its main source of energy(Blood Sugar) • POLYMERS: Starch, Glycogen, & Cellulose

  9. Carbohydrates Food Sources: • Starches: bread, cereal, pasta, rice, potato, oats • Sugars: candy, fruit, milk, sodas

  10. Carbohydrate Storage • Starch– molecules created by plants to store excess glucose. Shape: Long polymer chains of glucose • Glycogen – molecules created by animals to store excess glucose in the liver and in muscle tissue until needed. Shape: Long branching polymer chains of glucose

  11. Structural Carbohydrate • Cellulose – forms cell walls of plants and gives plant structural support -found in wood, paper, cotton, straw. -source of dietary fiber (vegetables & fruit) Shape: Long compact polymer chains of glucose

  12. Cellulose All are polymers of Glucose

  13. LIPIDS Fats, Oils & Waxes Elements: C,H,O Lipids are non-polar–repel water.

  14. G L Y C E R O L F a t t y A c i d s F a t t y A c i d s F a t t y A c i d s Lipid Monomers Monomers: Fatty Acids and Glycerol. Two polymers: Saturated & Unsaturated fats.

  15. Importance of Lipids (fats) Functions in body: • Provide long term energy (1 gram fat = 9 calories, 1 gram carbohydrate = 4 calories) • Major part of cell membranes • Provide insulation/cushion to body organs

  16. Lipid Polymers

  17. Unsaturated fats: The Good Fats F a t t y A c i d s G L Y C E R O L F a t t y A c i d s F a t t y A c i d s Shape: 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol “E”=liquid Where found: Most vegetable oils, canola oil, olive oil

  18. Where found: animal fat, butter, bacon, margarine, shortening G L Y C E R O L F a t t y A c i d s F a t t y A c i d s F a t t y A c i d s Saturated fats: The Bad Fats Shape: 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol “E”=solid

  19. Where else can I find Lipids? • Cholesterol • Some hormones • Beeswax and earwax

  20. PROTEINS Elements:C,H,O,N

  21. PROTEINS Monomers: Amino Acids -20 different ones (the order and kind determine the type of protein) Two polymers: Structural Proteins & Enzymes Food Sources: Meats, fish, eggs, beans, cheese, milk

  22. Importance of Structural Proteins • Build and repair muscle, bone, tendons, ligaments, hair, feathers, nails, skin,etc. • Part of cell membranes. • Helps blood transport oxygen and form clots. • Aid with the immune system defense.

  23. Shape of a Structural Protein

  24. Where are they found? Feathers Silk Hair & Nails Muscles Bones Skin Blood

  25. Enzymes Function-biological catalyst that speeds up & controls all chemical reactions in the body Shape:Long chains of amino acids folded into shapes that have grooves to fit other molecules.

  26. Enzymes-have an active site where a substrate binds.

  27. Fragile Enzymes • Enzymes are found working in every cell of the body. • Any extreme change in pH or temperature can denature or unravel a protein. • Denatured proteins can not return it their original shape and no longer function.

  28. Nucleic Acids Elements:C,H,O,N,P

  29. Monomers: Nucleotide Polymers: DNA, RNA, ATP Food Sources: Fresh unprocessed foods Parts of a Nucleotide P S NB NUCLEIC ACIDS

  30. DNA Function: DNA stores the genetic information needed to build your body, and maintain it for life. Shape: Double Helix-two chains of nucleotides bonded down the middle like a zipper to form a twisted ladder shape. Where Found: In the nucleus of every cell of the body.

  31. Structure of DNA

  32. RNA Function: RNA carries out the instructions found in DNA. It is used in making proteins. Shape: A single chain of nucleotides Where Found: Inside and outside of nucleus.

  33. RNA and DNA Structure

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