Everything you need to know from 1914-Present Day

1. Everything you need to know from 1914-Present Day Brought to you by Chase Svoboda, Jorge Araujo, and Will Garnes

2. WWI (the beginning) • Why did it start? • Imperialism: colonization of foreign country for resources • Nationalism: strong belief in one’s nation • Militarism: need a strong military to be a great country • Two alliances present before war • Triple Entente (France, Great Britain, and Russia) • Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary) • Ottoman empire was losing control of the Balkan Peninsula in southern Europe • Austria-Hungary and Russia wanted to control the Balkans • Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian scholar in Bosnia • An Ultimatum was presented to Serbia by A-H with harsh demands • Serbia accepted a few demands but couldn’t fulfill all of them, WORLD WAR I starts!!!!

3. War Tactics and Tech • Alfred von Shlieffen of Germany proposed the Shlieffen Plan • Move west and take out France then move east to Russia • Speed was vital • (uh oh) Germany moves through neutral Belgium bringing Great Britain in the war • Trench Warfare • Caused bloody stalemates because of machinegun • Shlieffen Plan fails • No man’s land was in between the to opposing trenches • Trench Life • Rats, no fresh food, unbreathable air, and sleep was impossible

4. War Tactics and Tech cont… • War Tech. • Machineguns: caused stalemates between trenches • Poison Gas: Used by both sides by brought by Germans • Tank: Armored box with movable tracks • Airplane: Spy planes then bombers • Submarine: Introduce by the Germans (U-Boat), fired torpedoes and used unrestricted warfare in the Atlantic • Two Fronts • Western Front • France and Germany border • Bloody stalemate • Eastern Front • Russia and Serbia against Austrians, Germans, and Turks • Stalemate but was still considered more mobile than the Western

5. During the War • Germany loses at the First Battle of the Marne killing the Shlieffen Plan • Allies tried to make a new front in the Gallipoli Peninsula but ended because it became another stalemate • Russia was weakening-not yet industrialized, not enough supplies • Ottoman empire was controlling the Mediterranean but was attacked by Arab forces with the help of T. E. Lawrence, British soldier. • In Africa and Asia Germany was losing colonies • Natives helped in hope they would received independence after the war • America joins in, 1917 • Americans die when German U-Boats sink • Zimmerman note is relayed to U.S. by Britain announcing Germany trying to help Mexico gain back land if they provide aid

6. Total War and Rev. in Russia • By this time everyone was dedicated to total war • Nations put all factories and manufactures to help the cause • Government controlled media, used propaganda • Women workers-later gained the right to vote in 1919 in America • Russia • 1917, Russia had lost 5.5 million men in the effort • Russia calls for Revolution, Czar Nicholas steps down on March 15th • Communism takes over, Vladmir Lenin takes leader position • Russia makes a treaty with Germany losing Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania • Communism loses moral

7. The End is Here • American help • America sends 140,000 troops to aid the Allies in France to fight in the Second Battle of the Marne • Another 2 million troops move toward Germany • Things Fall Apart…for the Germans • Ottomans and Bulgarians surrender • A-H was no more • Germany became a republic and surrendered • Treaty of Versailles • Paris Peace Conference began January 18, 1919 • Big Four attending were Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (G.B.), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy) • Russia and Germany weren’t represented

8. The Great Depression(1929-1939) • World War I was very expensive • Countries spent more than $180 billion on the war and an additional $150 billion rebuilding • In order to help rebuild the economy of the European nations American lent them money and a lot of it. • Germany was in heavy financial hardships and was receiving huge loans from the United States in order to pay back other countries • the arrangements made by the U.S. looked good on paper because of the growth in the U.S. and European countries • The growth was artificial because they were based on loans that were never going to be paid. • Although the Depression is said to have started on October 1939 when the stock market in New York stock exchange crashed it really began six month earlier

9. The Great Depression (Continued) • American Banks Immediately began to stop extending credit and Europe ran out of money • Americans that were put out of jobs rejected the dominant political party and in 1932 Franklin Roosevelt was elected in a landslide election. • The depression caused new political parties to emerge in countries whose democracy had shallow roots. Like Fascism and Nazism • Almost 1/3rd of the American work force became unemployed • Because Europe depended on the economy of the U.S. depression affected the whole world

10. WWII - Causes of WWII Fascism-Led by Mussolini, Nazism-Led by Hitler, Militarists-Led by Hirohito, Communists-Led by Stalin Aggression from Japan, Germany, and Italy. The Great Depression League of Nations was useless Hitler withdrew from the league of Nations, rebuilt the German Army, and violated the Treaty of Versailles Mussolini conquered Ethiopia The military took over in Japan, and they began militarism Alliances began to be made Munich Agreement , which the appeasement failed Germany Took over Czechoslovakia, and Italy invaded Albania Germany and Russia created the Nazi-Soviet Pact Germany invaded Poland, and France and Britain declared war

11. Nazis and Hitler Born in 1889, enlisted in the WWI army, and was an extreme nationalist Adolf Hitler became involved in government in 1921 He became president and chancellor in 1934 by regular means He started to do anti-Semitic laws and politics Jews became ridiculed He also started the holocaust with the extermination of the Jews The Nazi’s made concentration camps and 6 million Jews are killed In 1939 he invaded Czechoslovakia, creates a pact with Russia, and in August 23, 1939 he invaded Poland He was the leader of the German Army He killed himself in April 30, 1945

12. The War WWII started on September 1, 1939 by Germany attacking Poland Roosevelt said the only way to stay neutral was to assist the countries opposing Hitler The major battles in the Eastern front were the Invasion of Poland, the Battle of Britain, Stalingrad, El Alamein, Anzio, Invasion of Normandy, and the Battle of the Budge The major battles in the Western Front were Pearl Harbor, Guadalcanal, the Battle of Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, and Iwo Jima. Americans joined the war after Pearl Harbor The allied powers were the US, Britain, and France The Axis powers were Italy, Germany, and Japan European Fronts-France, Italy, Britain, Soviet Union, and North Africa Pacific Fronts-Hawaii, Australia, Philippines, Pacific Islands, Japan The Eastern Front ended with D-Day and the Battle of the Bulge The Pacific Front ended with the atomic bombs on Nagasaki, and on Hiroshima Germany surrendered on April 30, 1945 Japan surrenders in September 2, 1945

13. The Aftermath Japan kept fighting after Germany surrendered Harry Truman became the new President of America The bombs on Japan caused terrible effects. At least 78,000 people killed and it wiped out the cities. Europe was destroyed There were many shortages The communists got a lot of power Nuremberg Trials-trials held for the war crimes of WWII Hirohito told the military to stop fighting and rebuild The US took over Japan for awhile and drew up a new constitution for the country, which had a 2 house parliament Yalta Conference-The US and Soviets met. The Soviets were promised territorial gains in Manchuria, and Germany was split into four parts. Marshal Plan-which billions of US dollars were used for reconstruction

14. The Cold War • Causes • Marshall Plan tried to help the reconstruction of Europe after WWII, Russia saw this as a way for the U.S. to become economically superior • U.S. gained supporters and followers through the Marshall Plan creating the Western Bloc containing United States and Western Europe through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • In response Russia allied with several Eastern European countries such as Poland and Czech Republic in the Warsaw Pact to create the Eastern Bloc • Churchill described the separation of the two allies as an iron curtain between them

15. Cold War Events • Containment • The U.S. began the obsession of containment meaning they wanted to contain communism and prevent it from spreading to other nations • War in Korea • The U.S. fought along side South Korea against North Korea supported by Russia to prevent communism • In the end Korea remained split into two countries, South remaining democratic and the North remaining communist • War in Vietnam • After France decolonized in Asia, the government remained open searching for a leader • After the Vietnamese Revolution, America intervened worrying communism would spread so they supported the south again • After guerrilla tactics and weak government, communism won over Vietnam

16. Cold War Events • Space Race: Russia was the first to orbit around the earth while the U.S. was first to land on the moon • Cuban Missile Crisis • Soviet Union planted nuclear missiles on Cuban soil, which caused the U.S. to respond • Through patience and cunning, the U.S. avoided war with Russia while Russia took the missiles out • Nuclear Arms Race: Both Russia and the U.S. stocked piled nuclear weapons in case one was to attack the other…which never happened

17. Cold War no more! • Soviet Union falls • Mikhail Gorbachev • came into power in 1985 and signed arms reduction policies with Ronald Reagan • Recognized many eastern European countries’ independence dissolving the Soviet Union • Berlin Wall falls • Communism slowly collapses around the world • Other Effects • Nuclear weapons spread around the world • Middle Eastern conflicts • U.S. was now the supreme nation

18. Revolutions Vietnam Revolution Cuban Revolution Latin American Revolutions Indian Revolution Chinese Revolution Jewish Zinoism Iran/Iraq Revolution Israeli Revolution Russian Revolution African Revolutions

19. Vietnam Revolution Ho Chi Minh declares independence The French and the US tried to stop this but failed by guerrilla warfare They got their independence and the North turned communist and the South turned into a democracy The US backed the Vietnamese in the South The North attacked on 1959 The US and the Vietnamese in the south got hurt by the Tet Offensive America had to withdraw troops in 1973 In April 1975 South Vietnam was taken over by North Vietnam and they unified the country

20. Cuban Revolution Fidel Castro overthrew the old government in 1959 He wanted to industrialize ,modernize, increase literacy rates, and create social equality. Declared themselves Marxist and got help from the Soviet Union. It became a cold War hotspot with the Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Under Castro he did modernize the country, the barrier between the rich and the poor was narrowed, education increased, women got more rights, but Castro was still a dictator

21. Latin America Revolutions Were freed from colonial domination by the 1800s Many countries turned to exploitative economies and dictatorial governments Modernization gave wealth only to few people, and the working class was weak There were usually militaristic governments or right-wing dictatorships, but by the 1970s three countries, Colombia, Venezuela, and Costa Rica, turned democratic In 1943, military rule was established in Argentina by Juan Peron. His wife Eva helped with the appeal of the lower classes. He was overthrown in 1955.Came back to be president, and died in 1974. Then there was a brutal military regime from 1976 to 1983 Augusto Pinochet in Chile, made a coup in 1973 against Salvador Allende. He remained in power by using force and violence to get rid of enemies. Mexico created the Institutional Revolutionary Party(PRI) to help with their oil economy. It didn’t help too much and minorities were getting angry with the government. They did the 1968 protests, showing how the PRI was getting worse. By the 1980s, the Mexican government started to reform.

22. Indian Revolution It started to begin in the 1800s They did not want foreign rule so they created the Indian National Congress, and The Muslim league To Britain the Indians were considered second class citizens 10000 Hindus and Muslims went to Punjas to fast and pray in 1919 The British were alarmed and they fired on the People. 400 were killed and 1200 were wounded Mohandas K. Gandhi came out as a leader in the Revolution. He told the people to practice noncooperation. He also made the principle of satyagraha. He used nonviolence to get independence. He also did a huge British boycott. In 1930 he led the salt march so they could get their own salt without paying the British. In many other demonstrations Indians got beat up, were killed, or got arrested In 1935 Britain passed the Government of India Act. They began moving towards full independence Increased tension began between the Muslims and the Hindus

23. The Chinese Revolution • The Beginning • Originally beginning in 1919, the May Fourth Movement started the revolution • Li Dazhoa started the idea of a communist revolution built on a peasant force besides urban workers • Socialist Youth Corps was formed to unify people of China • Guomindang (Nationalist Party) was formed in response to the Socialist Youth Corps • Had help from the Soviets from the creation of the Whampoa Military Academy (frist head was Chiang Kaishek • Leader was of Guomindang was Sun Yat-sen

24. The Guomindang Change • Sun Yat-Sen dies and Chiang Kaishek • Chiang enforces a harsh punishment to communists • Bribes or kills regional warlords to take control of China • Was more worried about communist rule than the Japanese invasions in China • Stops fighting against communists for sake of China • After humiliating himself he retreated to Taiwan

25. Mao Zedong • He supported Lai Dazhao’s views about communism and how it’s achieved • Called for the peasant based revolution against the Guomindang • Communists takes China during and after the invasion of Japan • Mao Zedong creates his world • Land reforms gave peasants more land but was counteracted by the Mass Line forming agricultural Cooperatives • Great Leap Forward suggested small scale factories in villages instead of fully industrializing/ This and the collectivization caused Economic disaster • Supported Women’s rights, suggested they become more independent and were now considered equal to men

26. Cultural Revolution • After economic set backs, Mao Zedong lost his position as Head of State • In response he initiated his own cultural revolution that contained mass student demonstrations known as the Red Guard that criticized Zedong’s political rivals • The revolution threw China into chaos until the Gang of Four were disposed and Mao Zedong was put back into power

27. Jewish Zionism 1917, it all begin with the Balfour Declaration stating the Jews had a right to seize their homeland in Palestine By 1948 Israel was created for the Jews apart from Palestine, which in turn started the Arab-Israeli War against Israel and six Arab countries / Israel won and took most if not all of Palestine 1967, the Six Days’ War occurred resulting in Israel taking control of West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights 1977, Egypt and Israel signed the Camp David Accords resulting in Israel being recognized by Egypt in return the Sinai is given back The Palestine Liberation have worked hard in regaining territory but have been unsuccessful Uprisings by Palestine terrorists on Israel territory left a conflict from 2000 to 2005 when president MahmoudAbbas signed a cease fire with Israel

28. Iranian Revolution/Iran-Iraq War/ Persian Gulf • Iranian Revolution • In 1925, Reza Shah Pahlavi began to westernized Iran giving more rights to women and modernizing the country • Fundamentalists were angry and took control after president Carter visited to congratulate Reza Shah • The government was changed back to theocracy and Ayatollah Khomeini • Iran-Iraq war • Dispute between Shiite Iran over Sunni Iraq over border placement • Lasted eight years till ceasefire signed in 1988 • U.S. supported Saddam Hussein (Iraq) • Persian Gulf War • UN and the U.S. liberated Kuwait from Iraqi attacks

29. Russian Revolution • Occurred before world war I had ended • Russia entered the war with the largest army but it was not industrialized • It therefore began to suffer large scale losses and was short on food, ammunition, and good leadership • In the face of several casualties Czar Nicholas was forced to abandon his throne on February 1917 • A provincial government was then established under the leadership of Alexander Kerensky • The government shared local power with the local councils, called soviets which represented workers, pheasants, and soldiers which were desperate to end the war

30. Russian Revolution (continued) • The affirmative government affirmed natural rights that weren’t given under the czar but it wanted to say In the war against Germany • By 1918 the soviets supported the socialist party known as the Bolsheviks • Vladimir Lenin leader of the party gained support from the workers and soldiers and then issued the April Theses which demanded peace, land for pheasants, and power to the soviets • The Bolsheviks took command of the government within six months and in March 1918 they signed a treaty with Germany • This treaty is known as the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and included Russia giving up huge sums of land and relieved the stress that Germany had on the Eastern Front

31. Africa • Decolonization began during the 1950s and 1960s • Islamic states of North Africa became free during the 1950s • Egypt and Libya declared independence in 1952 • Morocco and Tunisia gained freedom in 1956 from France • The Algerian war of Independence (1954-1962) against France completed the process of Freeing North Africa from colonial rule • North Africa States had advantages over Sub-Saharan Africa when it came to decolonization • In Sub-Saharan Africa major freedom movements began during the 1940’s in South Africa, the Gold Coast, Ghana, and Kenya

32. Africa

33. Africa (continued) • There were some nonviolent movements but some like the Mau Mau movement in Kenya used violent means in order to become decolonized • Violence played a big role in countries like Zimbabwe, South Africa, Rwanda, Zaire, Angola, and Mozambique • Decolonizing colonies that were once part of France and Britain was smooth for the most part • Britain and France prepared the colonies for freedom by educating native elites and allowing greater native representation in transitional governments

34. Problems that faced Africa after freedom dictatorships corruption failure to modernize and diversify economies the cold war rapid population growth with food shortages HIV/AIDS pandemics lack of cultural or linguistic unity intertribal and inter ethnic conflict uncontrolled flow of small arms and light weapons and the treatment of women

35. From 2000 and till we finished this PowerPoint for Ms. Phalen • 9/11 led to “war” between America and several Middle Eastern countries • Obama became the first black president of the United States • Natural Disasters • Haiti hit by an earthquake • Japan hit by a tsunami • Euro drops in value so does the American dollar • South Sudan was created • Egyptian revolution resulted in the impeachment of their old president

36. Works Cited http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/depression/about.htm