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The “Roaring” Twenties

The Roaring Twenties marked a period of significant transformation in the U.S., characterized by economic prosperity post-WWI. Higher wages and shorter work hours fueled consumerism, leading to increased spending on goods like washing machines and Ford Model T's, facilitated by mass production and assembly lines. However, this era also saw economic challenges for industrial workers and farmers, alongside social tensions, including racism and Prohibition. The decade celebrated cultural shifts, with the Harlem Renaissance and the rise of movies and jazz shaping modern American identity.

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The “Roaring” Twenties

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  1. The “Roaring” Twenties AP U.S. History

  2. Post WWI-Consumerism • Higher wages • Fewer Work Hours • Stock Market Investment • Spending more • Washing Machines • Ford Model T’s

  3. “Fordism” • Assembly line increases efficiency 10x allowing deep price cuts to car. • $780 in 1910 to $360 in 1914 • Control the flow of production • Less skilled labor

  4. Ford Industries

  5. Post WWI-Problems • Economic disruption for industrial workers • Reduce income for farmers (lower demand) • Renewed racism against African-Americans and foreign immigrants.

  6. President Warren Harding • “Return to Normalcy” • Republican • Pro-business • One Term 1921 • Marked by corruption and scandal. • Teapot Dome • Leased Navy oil reserves in WY to Sinclair Oil

  7. President “Silent Cal” Coolidge • VP to Harding. • Repaired the damage of the Harding administrations scandals. • Re-elected in 1924

  8. President Herbert Hoover • Becomes president during prosperity 1928. • Cannot control economy after stock market crash. • Invests more into businesses.

  9. The Election of 1928

  10. Growth & Expansion • 1.)Machines, 2.)Factories & 3.) Standardized mass production lead to unprecedented growth. • These factors created a self-perpetuating cycle: • Standardized mass production led to • Better machinery in factories, which led to • Higher production and higher wages, which led to • More demand for consumer goods • Which led back to more standardized mass production.

  11. Standardized Mass Production

  12. Sources of Economic Boom • Effect of WWI on technology. • More efficient methods of production. • The War stimulated a number of old industries • Petroleum and steel • Create new industries: plastic and rayon. • Money spent on new machinery for industry • 1915: $600 million • 1918: $2.5 billion.

  13. Sources of Economic Boom • Scientific management: Tasks broken down in details • Rapid increase in worker productivity • Psychology of consumption • Relations between the federal government and big business

  14. Prohibition 18th Amendment: manufacture, sales, and transportation became illegal Hard to enforce: Created the Volstead Act to employ enforcers Evangelical Protestants supported Supported by women’s temperance movement Dry states supported: citizens were going to wet states

  15. Prohibition • Mass breaking of the law • “Speakeasies” • Rise of organized crime • Al Capone • Repealed with 21st amendment

  16. Culture • Movies • 1914: 18,ooo theaters • Paramount, MGM, Universal, Warner Bro. • Jazz Singer: 1927 • First “Talkie” • Radio • Music, talks by college pro., church services, news, weather • Advertisements • NBC, CBS: Comedy programming

  17. Flappers Portrayed on screen, novels, press Young, sexually aggressive woman Bobbed hair, rouged cheeks, short skirts Loved jazz, smoked, drank bootleg liquor Female & Male morals becoming very similar

  18. Harlem Renaissance Outpouring of African American artistic and literacy creativity Flourished in the 1920s Brought an appreciation for African American artistic accomplishments

  19. Langston Hughes- I too, sing America I, too, sing America. I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. Tomorrow, I'll be at the table When company comes. Nobody'll dare Say to me, "Eat in the kitchen,“ Then. Besides, They'll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed— I, too, am America

  20. “Monkey” Trial • Growing # of religious fundamentalist • Literal meaning of Bible • 1925: 5 Southern states restricted teaching of evolution • John T. Scopes: Biology teacher in TN • Broke law and taught evolution

  21. “Monkey” Trial • Scopes brought to trial • Attorneys from ACLU • Prosecution: William Jennings Bryan • Thousands of reporters broadcasting nationwide • Scopes convicted but later overthrown • Bryan died a week after the trial • Laws didn’t change, but all prosecution stopped

  22. Stock Market Prices, 1921–1932

  23. Consumer Debt, 1920–1931

  24. Population Composition of Selected Cities, 1920

  25. Mexican Immigration to the United States in the 1920s

  26. Black Population, 1920

  27. Annual Immigration to the United States, 1860-1930

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