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The Napoleonic Era

The Napoleonic Era. Chapter 19. Biography. 1769-1821 Born of Italian descent to prominent Corsican family on the French island of Corsica Military genius; specialized in artillery “ child of the Enlightenment ” and Revolution Associated with Jacobins Advanced rapidly in army

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The Napoleonic Era

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  1. The Napoleonic Era Chapter 19

  2. Biography • 1769-1821 • Born of Italian descent to prominent Corsican family on the French island of Corsica • Military genius; specialized in artillery • “child of the Enlightenment” and Revolution • Associated with Jacobins • Advanced rapidly in army • Eventually unified the nation at the price of individual liberty

  3. Early Military Victories • Britain and Austria • 1795 The invasion of Italy October: Treaty of Campo Formio • War of the Second Coalition: 1798-1801 • 1798 Napoleon invades Egypt Horatio Nelson destroys Frances navy in the Battle of the Nile Napoleon is isolated in North Africa • 1801 Ended the Second Coalition Austria loses Italian possessions Gain German territory on west bank of the Rhine Russia retreated from western Europe

  4. Consulate Period 1799-1804 • Enlightened reform • First Consul • May be thought of as last and most eminent of the enlightened despots • Constitution of Year VIII • Suppressing enemies • Made peace with France’s enemies abroad • Russia withdraws • Austria defeated; Treaty of Luneville 1801 • Treaty of Amiens with Britain, 1802 • Enemies at home • Granted amnesty to 100,000 émigrés in return for loyalty oath • Ruthlessly put down opposition • Creation of Police State • Spy system • State prisons

  5. Consulate Period 1799-1804 • Motives: • Making peace with the Church to weaken link with monarchists • Would help people accept economic inequalities in French society • Provisions • Papacy renounced claims to Church property • French gov’t allowed to nominate or depose bishops • Reinstated clergy who had resisted Civil Constitutions of the Clergy • Allowed worship in public • Church seminaries reopened • Extended legal toleration to Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and atheists • Replaced the Revolutionary Calendar with Christian Calendar Religious reforms Concordat of 1801

  6. Consulate Period 1799-1804 • Financial Unity • Bank of France 1800 • Balanced national budget • Established sound currency and public credit • Economic reform to stimulate economy • Food at low prices • Increased employment • Retained Le Chapelier Law of 1791 • Lowered taxes on farmers • Guaranteed church lands would be redistributed • Tax collection became more efficient

  7. Consulate Period 1799-1804 • Careers open to talent • Opportunity to rise in government jobs according to ability • Educational Reforms • Based on system of public education under state control • Rigorous standards • Available to the masses • Secondary and higher education reorganized to prepare for government service and professional occupations • Education became important in determining social standing

  8. Consulate Period 1799-1804 Included civil code, criminal procedure, commercial code, and penal code Emphasized protection of private property Equality before the law Freedom of religion Property rights Abolition of serfdom Inheritance rights for women (but denied equal status) • Napoleonic Code • Legal unity • Dynasty • New Constitution declared Napoleon Emperor of the French • Crowning ceremony

  9. Napoleonic Wars • Consulate Era • Series of wars were usually short and distinct • The Third Coalition • Britain, Austria, Russia • 1805 War of the Third Coalition Austria signed alliance with Britain Joined by Alexander I of Russia and Sweden October, Battle of Trafalgar December, Battle of Austerlitz • 1806 Confederation of the Rhine Berlin Decrees • 1807 Defeat of the Russians and rule of all Germany

  10. Napoleonic Wars • Empire Period, 1804-1814 • 1807 June, Treaty of Tilsit Prussia lost land to France and accepted reorganization of western and central Europe; agreed to Continental System Continental System British response to Berlin Decrees: “Order in council”: neutrals might enter continental ports only if they first stopped in Great Britain Milan Decree: Any neutral ship entering a British port or submitting to a British warship at sea, would be confiscated if it attempted to enter a Continental port

  11. Napoleon and Great Britain “Plumb Pudding in Danger” William Pitt the Younger and Napoleon carving up the world.

  12. The Continental System

  13. European Response to Empire • Napoleon’s influence • Imposition of Napoleonic Code and revolutionary equality • Church subordinate to state • Continental System • Policies always intended for glory of Napoleon first and France second • German Nationalism • No German unity • Romanticism and Nationalism • Emphasis on unique German culture and people • German intellectuals urge resistance • French Nationalism

  14. European Response to Empire • Prussian Reform • Continued to resist French domination • King Frederick William III and Junker nobility resented reform • Had to change to survive • Administrative and social reforms • Baron vom Stein and Prince von Hardenberg • Broke Junker monopoly of landholding • Serfdom abolished • Rise in number of landless laborers caused new problems • Military reforms • Abolished inhuman military punishments • Increased patriotism • Opened the officer corps to commoners • Gave promotions on the basis of merit • Organized war colleges to develop new theories of strategy and tactics • Limited military size

  15. European Response to Empire • Wars of Liberation • Spain • First great revolt against Napoleon • National resistance had deep social roots • 1807, France entered Spain to stop Portugal alliance with Britain • 1808, Revolt in Madrid • Guerilla warfare • British support

  16. Goya’s Notebook

  17. Goya’s Notebook Picture Titles

  18. Goya’s Notebook Picture Titles

  19. Goya’s Notebook Picture Titles

  20. Goya’s Notebook Picture Titles

  21. European Response to Empire • Austria • Defeated swiftly by Napoleon’s troops • Napoleon married Marie Louise of Austria; now nephew of Louis XVI • Invasion of Russia • Shaky alliance • The Grand Army • Scorched earth policy • Retreat

  22. Napoleon’s Europe

  23. The Russian Campaign

  24. European Coalition • Combined forces of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain form allied army • Napoleon defeats allies at Dresden • Defeated at Leipzig in Battle of Nations • Allied armies take over Paris • Napoleon abdicates throne in March, 1814 and is exiled to island of Elba

  25. European Coalition • Treaty of Chaumont/Charter of 1814: Constitutional Monarchy • Bourbons restored to the Throne: Louis XVIII • France surrendered all territory gained since the Wars of Revolution 1792 • Allied powers imposed no reparations • Napoleon is exiled to the island of Elba • Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet in Vienna

  26. The Congress of Vienna

  27. Congress of Vienna • Representatives of major powers of Europe, including France, met to redraw territorial lines and try to restore the social and political order of the ancien regime • The “Big Four” • Austria, England, Prussia, and Russia • Leaders: • Klemens Von Metternich, Austria & Prussia • Lord Castlereagh, England • Alexander I, Russia • Talleyrand, France

  28. Congress of Vienna • The “Dancing Congress” • Pageantry, parties, balls, and banquest • Intended to generate favorable “public opinon” • Little to do of a serious nature

  29. Congress of Vienna • Principles of Settlement: • Legitimacy, Compensation, Balance of Power • Legitimacy: returning power to ruling families deposed by revolutionary warfare • Bourbons in France, Spain, and Naples • Dynasties in Holland, Sardinia, Tuscany, and Modena • Papal States returned to the Pope • Compensation: limiting France and territorially rewarding those states which made considerable sacrifices to defeat Napoleon • Encirclement of France • End of Hapsburg Holy Roman Empire (creation of German Confederation aka Bund) • England received naval bases in Malta, Ceylon, Cape of Good Hope • Austria recovered Italian province of Lombardy, and Venetia, Galicia, and the Illyrian Provinces • Russia received Poland, Finland, and Bessarabia • Prussia awarded the Rhineland, 3/5 of Saxony and part of Poland • Sweden received Norway

  30. The German Confederation

  31. Congress of Vienna

  32. Congress of Vienna

  33. Congress of Vienna • Principles of Settlement: • Balance of Power: creation of a permanent Congress to meet and solve problems before the outbreak of another war • Renewal of the Quadruple Alliance • Concert of Europe

  34. The Hundred Days • March 20-June 22, 1815 • Stalled talks at Vienna • Napoleon leaves Elba for France • Lands in the south and marches with popular support into Paris • Raises an army and defeats the Prussians in Belgium • Battle of Waterloo, June 1815 • Last battle of the Napoleonic Wars; Napoleon is defeated • Exiled to the South Atlantic island of St. Helena; died in 1821 • The “second” Treaty of Paris (1815) • Allied dealt harshly with France

  35. The Hundred Days • March 20-June 22, 1815 • Stalled talks at Vienna • Napoleon leaves Elba for France • Lands in the south and marches with popular support into Paris • Raises an army and defeats the Prussians in Belgium • Battle of Waterloo, June 1815 • Last battle of the Napoleonic Wars; Napoleon is defeated • Exiled to the South Atlantic island of St. Helena; died in 1821 • The “second” Treaty of Paris (1815) • Allied dealt harshly with France

  36. Napoleon’s Legacy • First egalitarian dictatorship of modern times • Positive achievements • Revolutionary institutions consolidated • Thoroughly centralized French government • Lasting settlement with the church • Spread positive achievements of French Revolution to the rest of Europe

  37. Napoleon’s Legacy • Liabilities • Repressed individual liberty • Subverted republicanism • Oppressed conquered peoples throughout Europe • Caused terrific suffering as a result of war

  38. Art of the 18th Century Neo-classical and Romanticism

  39. Romantic Art

  40. Romantic Art

  41. Romantic Art

  42. Romanticism • Intellectual movement that was a reaction against the Enlightenment • Urged a revival of Christianity • Revival of art, music, and literature of medieval times

  43. Questioning of Reason • Rousseau and education • Emile (1762) • Children should be raised with maximum freedom • Adults should allow children to reason • Emile Kant • The Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and The Critique of Practical Reason (1788) • Sought rationalism of Enlightenment • Categorical imperative—an innate sense of moral duty or awareness

  44. English Romantic Writers • Samuel Taylor Coleridge • Gothic poems of the supernatural • William Wordsworth • How humans lose their child-like imagination as they get older • Lord Byron • Rebel romanticist • Wrote about personal liberty and mocked his own beliefs • Don Juan (1819)

  45. German Romantic Writers • Friedrich Schlegel • Progressive who attacked prejudices against women in novels such as Lucinde (1799) • Johan Wolfgang von Goethe • Part of Romantic mode/part criticism of romantic excess • Faust—Part I (1808) • Faust—Part II (1832)

  46. Romantic Art

  47. Romantic Art

  48. Romantic Art

  49. Romantic Art

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