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Patterns of Organization

Patterns of Organization. What are Patterns of Organization?. Details support a main idea in a text. Writers often organize supporting details in a specific order, thus creating a pattern . Patterns of organization are the groupings of the supporting details.

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Patterns of Organization

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  1. Patterns of Organization

  2. What are Patterns of Organization? • Details support a main idea in a text. Writers often organize supporting details in a specific order, thus creating a pattern. • Patterns of organization are the groupings of the supporting details. • Detecting the patterns of organization of the major and minor details can help with comprehension and retention.

  3. Patterns of Organization Recognizing the patterns, basically knowing the organization of the supporting details, will help you: • understand how an author thinks • logically order the information • begin predicting test questions • The main idea is usually a good predictor of the organization of a paragraph or essay. • Signal words, also known as transitions, are words which indicate the relationship between ideas, and the organization of the details.

  4. Time Order/Enumeration/ Listing • Time/Chronological Order • Listing/ Enumeration • Definition and Example • Comparison and Contrast • Cause and Effect • Classification

  5. 1. Time Order/ ChronologicalOrder/ Process Transitions/Clue Words after, at that time, before, during, now, until, when, stages, steps, later, soon, since,while,first, second, third, etc., next, then, last, finally Description of Pattern Events are discussed in relation to passing time.

  6. There are several steps you need to follow in order to make scrambled eggs. First, get together your ingredients and your utensils. Second, heat some butter or oil in your pan. Third, crack open the eggs and mix them with salt or other seasonings. Next, pour the mixture into the pan. Then, cook as long as you like. Finally, empty the cooked eggs onto a plate and eat them.

  7. Time/Chronological Order The famous Leaning Tower of Pisa has been tilting for over 800years, and recent improvements should allow it to continue tilting for another 300 more. On August 9, 1173, construction began on this well known Italian bell tower. Almost immediately, it began leaning because it was being erected on the soft silt of a buried riverbed. Between 1178 and 1360, work stopped and started two more times as workers tried to continue the project and figure out how to compensate for the tilt. Over the next six centuries, the tower’s lean continued to increase, although tourists were still allowed to visit. Then, in 1990, Italy’s prime minister feared the tower would collapse and closed it to the public. From 1999 to 2001, engineers excavated soil from beneath the tower. Now, the tower still leans out about 15 feet beyond its base, but it should remain stable for several more centuries.

  8. 2. Simple Listing/ Enumeration Transitions/Clue Words also, next, then, first, second, third, etc., finally, too, besides, moreover, in addition, furthermore Description of Pattern Items are named as if in a list, where the order is not important

  9. There are several things you need to bring along with you each time you come to class. First, you should have paper. Second, you need a pen to take notes with. Moreover, you need to have your textbooks. Also, be sure to bring your completed homework. In addition, it is good to have a dictionary. Finally, you ought to have a book bag to carry everything in.

  10. 3. Definition and Example Transitions/Clue Words • means, is, refers to, can be defined as, consists of, involves, is known as, is called, is composed of • for example, to illustrate, for instance, such as, specifically… • i.e., e.g. Description of Pattern A word or concept is introduced then explained or described. An example of its usage then follows.

  11. Acrophobia means an intense, unreasonable fear of high places.People with acrophobia exhibit emotional and physical symptoms in response to being at great heights. For instance, one sufferer of extreme acrophobia, Andrea Copeland, is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety. Her acrophobia began one evening when she was working alone in her office on the eighth floor of a large building. Suddenly she was struck with terror. She gathered her things and left the building, Yet, she still has no rational explanation for her fear, which is also typical of this type of phobia. • Repressionis the mind’s power to block fearful thoughts, impulses, and memories. For example, a person may repress or forget painful childhood memories.

  12. 4.1 Comparison Description of Pattern Transitions/Clue Words both/and, similarly, like, likewise, same, resembles, as well as, in the same way, compared to, just as, in like manner, also, too Discusses similarities between objects, persons, or ideas

  13. Comparison Visitors see some similaritiesbetween New York and San Francisco. Both cities, for example, are exciting cultural centers. They are equallyattractive to people from many parts of the world. The cities are also alikebecause they both have many beautiful buildings, large, lovely parks and grand bridges.

  14. 4.2 Contrast Transitions/Clue Words in contrast, however, unlike, different, but, yet, though, even though, although, despite, while, rather than, instead, nevertheless, whereas, opposed to, conversely, on the other hand, on the contrary Description of Pattern Discusses differences between objects, persons, or ideas

  15. Contrast On the other hand, the two cities have important differences. One differenceis the lifestyle. New Yorkers are always in a hurry and are much less friendly than residents of san Francisco. The streets in the California city are very clean, unlike New York, where the streets are often dirty. Another major differenceis safety: San Francisco has much less crime than New York.

  16. 5. Cause and Effect Transitions/Clue Words as a result, because, consequently, hence, due to, in order to, reasons, results, affect, react(s), reaction, yields, lead to, led to, for this reason, produces, thus, therefore Description of Pattern The author tells why something happened or the results of an event.

  17. Cause-Effect In 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilled millions of gallons of oil in Alaska’s Prince William Sound. Biologists who have studied the local wildlife have noted the consequencesof the spill. It has resulted in a great decline in the number of birds in the area. The spill also has causedmany young harbor seals to suffer from brain damage and death. Killer whales also felt the impactof the spill.

  18. 6. Classification Transitions/Clue Words class(es), type(s), category(ies), division(s), form(s), kind(s), sort(s), trait(s), variety(ies), group(s), several Description of Pattern A topic is broken down into subtopics; each is discussed.

  19. Classification Internet users have two types of access choices for surfing the Web. The first typeof access to the Internet is the old-fashioned phone line. The second type of access is high-speed broadband through the TV cable or high-speed DSL through fiber optic phone lines.

  20. Identify the organizational pattern suggested by each of these topic sentences. There are several important steps in treating mental illness. Sociology and psychology both focus on human behavior. Social networks perform a number of important functions. There are many reasons why someone may end up homeless. In astronomy, the term constellation refers to a region of the sky. A child’s brain develops rapidly in the first year of life. There are several types of instruments in an orchestra. The weapons used in WWII were quite different from those used in the Civil War.

  21. These kinds - kinds - one type - two kinds - another type Laws That Protect Children Unwanted infants are protected by ________________ of laws. Both ________________deal with parents who are unable to cope with the pressures of parenthood. _________________of law punishes neglect. Several states, such as Georgia and Massachusetts, will put parents in jail for several years if they leave or abandon a child. ________________of law rewards parents for handing their unwanted children over to authorities. A number of states, such as South Carolina and California, have “safe haven” laws. _______________of laws allow parents to leave the unwanted child at a church or hospital without being charged with a crime. These laws are supposed to lead to better treatment for the unwanted children.

  22. Steps to Stop Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment is defined as any form of unwanted sexual attention. Most companies now have sexually harassment policies in place. If you feel you are being sexually harassed, there are several steps you can take. _______________, ask the harasser to stop. Be clear and direct. This may be the first time the person has ever been told such behavior is wrong. _______________, record the event. Having a record of exactly what occurred (and when and where) will be helpful in making your case. ________________, complain to a higher authority. Talk to your manager about what happened. ______________, remember that you have not done anything wrong. You will likely feel awful _________________ being harassed. However, you should feel proud that you are not keeping silent.

  23. as – because – during – such as – for example – although 1. ____________ the election, the candidate will make a number of campaign stops throughout the country.  2. Managers experience several different staff problems that must be solved before a business can work effectively ______________ laziness and poor performance. 3. Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable fear of high places; ______________, my sister is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety. 4. __________________ Charlotte is afraid of heights, she went bungee jumping to celebrate her birthday. 5. Jealousy destroys a friendship ____________systematically as a wildfire consumes a forest.

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