1. Chapter 19 The Increasing InfluenceOf Europe

2. The Regional States of Medieval Europe Late Byzantine Empire • Social • & Economic • Problems The Holy Roman Empire Otto I Investiture Contest Challenges from The West King In N. Germany Challenges From the East Wealthy landowners Took over properties Of independent peasants, Ending the Theme system Quelled political disturbances, Protected the church, sought opportunities In the south. Foreign Challenges (Normans and Other Europeans started crusades Saljuqs seize Anatolia, Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople Nomadic Turks Controversy Over appointment Of Church Officials Pope John XII Proclaimed him Emperor starting The Holy Roman Empire Lay Investiture Let lay rulers select church Officials, Pope Gregory VII stops this

3. The Regional States of Medieval Europe The Holy Roman Empire Regional States in Italy & Iberia Church influence In Italy Italian States Regional Monarchies in France & England Frederick Barbarossa (1152-1190) Christian & Muslim States in Iberia 12th c. a Series of Prosperous Cities (Florence, Bolgna, Milan Venice No one controlled peninsula Capetian France Christian: Castile, Aragon Portugal. Muslim: Granada The Normans Wanted to take Lombardy in N. Italy, & dominate Much of Europe Many ecclesiastical States, city-states, & principalities Hugh Capet, descendants Known as Capetian Kings Norman England Pursued own interest, Centralized from dukes themselves Emerged as prominent political And military leaders Norman the Conqueror Norman adventures Intervene in Italian affairs Gradually centralized Power and authority in France Popes did not like This attempt Gathered support From other European Cities. Barbarossa gives Up rights to Lombardy. Lay classes challenged Bishops eventually Displacing them Organize regional monarchies That maintained order And provided reasonably good government They overcome Byzantine And Muslim authorities Due to papal support S. Italy comes under Roman Catholic Church

4. Economic Growth and Social Development Revival of Towns & Trade Urbanization Textile Production Trade Population Growth Growth of the Agricultural Economy New Crops New Urban Cities emerge Expansion In Manufacturing & trade esp. wool textiles 800ce at 29 mil.- 1300ce at 79 mil. Improved Agricultural Techniques New tools & technologies Expansion of Arable Land Hanseatic League Beans, peas, wheat, Rice, spinach, artichokes Eggplants, lemons… West: Italy To Bergen East: N. Italy & Flanders Horse collar Horseshoe Increased land Devoted to agriculture Mediterranean Higher productivity Baltic Sea & North Sea Ports of Black Sea, Indian Ocean & Overland Trade w/ India, SE Asia, & China Dug ponds Different Crop rotations Domestic animals Yields higher Taxes and increase own wealth Improved trading brings Credit, banking & new Business organizations. (Letters of Credit, commercial Partnerships)

5. Economic Growth and Social Development Social Change Guilds Workers of Arts, crafts Artisan Regulated Production and sales of goods Chivalry Three Estates Troubadours Women also A part of guilds And worked similar jobs Independent Cities High ethical standards And refined manner, to prevent Fighting w/in Christendom Traveling poets Minstrels, and entertainers “Those who Prayed, those who Fight, those who Work” Growing towns Of medieval Europe Worked: majority Of population, peasants Friendship And workers, Provided for each Other in times Of need Fight: ranks Of Nobles Eleanor of Aquitane Prayed: Clergy of Roman Catholic Church Able to resist The demands Of nobles and guilds Troubadour promoted Good manners, refinement And romantic love

6. Schools, Universities and Scholastic Theology European Christianity during the High Middle Ages Reform Movements and Popular Heresies St. Thomas Aquinas Universities Cathedral Schools Dominicans & Franciscans Popular Heresy The harmonization Of Aristotle w/Christianity Creating a synthesis of reason And faith High quality Instruction, academic Degrees, licenses to teach Popular Religion St. Dominic & St. Francis Formula Curricula, Instruction In Liberal Arts Waldensians, Bogomils And Cathars Devotion To Saints Sacraments Mendicants, Beg for food And other needs Worked zealously Against Christendom Holy rituals That bring Spiritual Blessings on The observants Human beings Who had led Such excellent Lives that God Held them in esteem Pilgrimage Protect individuals From death and Advance worldly interest Relics believed To retain powers Virgin Mary