1. Defining Science 2. Ways of Knowing

1. 1. Defining Science2. Ways of Knowing Randy Bell Curry School of Education Edward Murphy Department of Astronomy University of Virginia University of Virginia

2. VA Standards of Learning • PS.1 The student will plan and conduct investigations in which • Chemicals and equipment are used safely; • length, mass, volume, density, temperature, weight, and force are accurately measured and reported using metric units; • conversions are made among metric units, applying appropriate prefixes; • … • An understanding of the nature of science is developed an reinforced.

3. What is Science? In small groups: 1. Discuss key elements & 2. Develop brief definition

4. What is Science? • The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. • American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed., 2004

5. What is Science? “Science is the belief in the ignorance of experts.” “Science is a way of trying not to fool yourself.” Richard Feynman Richard Feynman Physicist Nobel Prize Winner

6. What is Science? “Science is an internally consistent set of lies designed to explain away the universe.” Art Beaucoup Paleobiologist

7. What is Science? “We [scientists] wouldn’t know truth if it jumped up and bit us in the ass. We’re probably fairly good at recognizing what’s false, and that’s what science does on a day-to-day basis, but we can’t claim to identify truth.” Dr. Steven Holland University of Georgia Geologist

8. Imagine that you observe a white swan and hypothesize that all swans are white. • How would you prove that all swans are white? • You would have to observe every single swan in the world. • To falsify the hypothesis, you only need to observe one black swan.

9. A politician, a teacher, and a scientist were traveling by train through Scotland when they saw a black sheep through the window of the train. • “Aha,” said the politician with a smile, “I see that Scottish sheep are black.” • “Hmm,” said the teacher, “you mean that some Scottish sheep are black.” • “No,” said the scientist glumly, “All we know is that there is a least one sheep in Scotland, and that at least one side of that one sheep is black.”

10. Science Processes Nature of Science Three Aspects of Science Facts Concepts Models Laws Theories Scientific Knowledge

11. Scientific Knowledge Nature of Science Three Aspects of Science Process Skills: Questioning Observing Measuring Inferring Predicting Classifying Science Processes

12. Three Aspects of Science Science Processes Scientific Knowledge Science as a way of knowing. Nature of Science

13. Science Processes Scientific Knowledge Nature of Science Three Aspects of Science

14. Ways of Knowing Activity

15. Ways of Knowing

16. Stars in Mathematics (m-M)=5log(DISTANCE/10PARSEC)

17. Stars in Science

18. Stars in Science

19. Stars in Religion When I consider your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon and the stars, which you have set in place, What is man that you are mindful of him, the son of man that you care for him? Psalm 8:3-4

20. Stars in Art

21. Key Concepts About the Nature of Science • Key concepts about the Nature of Science include • Tentativeness • Based on empirical evidence • Based on observation and inference • Hypotheses, Laws, Theories • Scientific methods • Creativity • Objectivity and subjectivity • Scientists tend to be skeptical • They apply mechanisms such as peer review and cross-checking • Values, intuition, personal beliefs, perceptual frameworks and creativity all play significant roles in the development of scientific knowledge. • A way of knowing • Science cannot answer all questions • Science is a way of knowing, but not the only way of knowing. • There are limits to the kinds of questions that can be asked of science and limits to the answers it can give.

22. What is Science? “Science alone of all the subjects contains within itself the lesson of the danger of belief in the infallibility of the greatest teachers in the preceding generation … As a matter of fact, I can also define science another way: Science is the belief in the ignorance of experts.” “The first principle is that you must not fool yourself, and you are the easiest person to fool.” Dr. Richard Feynman Noble Prize winning physicist The Pleasure of Finding Things Out

23. “There is no philosophical high-road in science … we are in a jungle and find our way by trial and error, building our roads as we proceed. We do not find sign-posts at cross-roads, but our own scouts erect them, to help the rest.” Max Born (1882-1970) Noble Prize winning physicist

24. “The fuel on which science runs is ignorance.” Matt Ridley Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters.

25. What is Science? “The real purpose of the scientific method is to make sure that Nature hasn’t misled you into thinking you know something you don’t actually know.” Robert PirsigZen and the Art of Motorcyle Maintenance

26. “The fuel on which science runs is ignorance. Science is like a hungry furnace that must be fed logs from the forests of ignorance that surround us. In the process, the clearing that we call knowledge expands, but the more it expands, the longer its perimeter and the more ignorance comes into view … A true scientist is bored by knowledge; it is the assault on ignorance that motivates him – the mysteries that previous discoveries have revealed. The forest is more interesting than the clearing.” Matt Ridley Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters.

27. “I think that we shall have to get accustomed to the idea that we must not look upon science as ‘body of knowledge’, but rather as a system of hypotheses, or as a system of guesses, or anticipations that in principle cannot be justified, but with which we work as long as they stand up to tests, and of which we are never justified in saying that we know they are ‘true’” Karl Popper (1902-1994) The Logic of Scientific Discovery