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This review explores the fundamental structure of Earth's layers, from the inner core to the crust. It examines the relationships between temperature, pressure, and depth, uses seismic waves to study Earth's interior, and outlines Alfred Wegener’s evidence for continental drift, including fossil and climatic evidence. The review covers concepts like sea-floor spreading, convection currents, and the types of plate boundaries—transform, divergent, and convergent—that shape our planet's geology. Understanding these concepts is essential for grasping the dynamic nature of Earth.
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1. List the layers of the Earth in order from the interior out. • Inner core • Outer core • Mantle • Crust
2. Temperature and pressure both ______________ with depth. • Increase
3. How do scientists study the interior of the Earth? • Seismic Waves
4. What makes up the inner core and outer core? • Iron • Nickel
5. What 3 types of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support his theory of continental drift? • Evidence from Landforms • Evidence from Fossils • Evidence from Climate
6. What is Pangaea? • Alfred Wegener’s supercontinent
7. What is a fossil? • Any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock
8. What is the mid-ocean ridge • Longest chain of mountains located on the ocean floor
9. Explain the process of sea-floor spreading and where does it take place. • Process by which new material is continually added to the ocean floor and happens at the mid-ocean ridge
10. The movement of the plates is caused by ________________. • Convection currents
11. Explain the Theory of Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift. • Plate Tectonics – pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant slow motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle. • Continental Drift – all continents were once joined together in a single landmass and has since drifted apart.
12. List and describe the 3 types of plate boundaries • Transform boundary – 2 plates slip past each other causing earthquakes • Divergent boundary – 2 plates move apart • Convergent boundary – 2 plates come together
14. What is the lithosphere? • Uppermost part of the mantle and the crust together form a rigid layer of rock
15. What is the asthenosphere? • Layer beneath the lithosphere that is less rigid then the rock above it
16. Explain how convection currents in the mantle cause the lithospheric plates to move • The warm less dense material rises and the cool more dense material sink causes movement of the plates
17. Where is new ocean crust created? • At the mid-ocean ridge through sea-floor spreading
18. Explain the 3 types of convergent boundaries and what each produces. • Convergent oceanic and oceanic plates – 1 plate is subducted (the more dense plate) through a trench and forms a chain of volcanic islands • Convergent oceanic and continental plates – oceanic is more dense and is subducted under the continental plate. Volcanoes on land are produced. • Convergent continental and continental plate – 2 continental plates collide, crust buckles and mountain ranges are formed.
19. Earth’s magnetic field is processed by the Earth’s __________. • Core
20. Why is ocean crust younger than continental crust? • It moves through the rock cycle faster than continental crust. New ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge and old ocean crust is subducted at a trench.
21. What happens at trenches on the ocean floor? • Oceanic crust is pushed back into the mantle and forms molten material (subducted).
22. What is density? • The amount of matter in a given amount of space. • Density = mass/volume
23. What type of boundaries form at the mid-ocean ridge? • Divergent boundary
24. Which layer do the Earth’s plates float on? • Asthenosphere
25. Explain why oceanic crust is subducted at an oceanic and continental convergent boundary • Oceanic crust is more dense than continental
