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Writing Tips ( Toefl ESSAY)

Writing Tips ( Toefl ESSAY). Lecturer: Dr . Ghassabi z.r.ghassabi@gmail.com Department of computer Engineering, Kharazmi University, Spring 2014. Outline.

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Writing Tips ( Toefl ESSAY)

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  1. Writing Tips (Toefl ESSAY) Lecturer: Dr. Ghassabi z.r.ghassabi@gmail.com Department of computer Engineering, Kharazmi University, Spring 2014

  2. Outline Parts of a ParagraphPrewriting ParagraphsWriting ParagraphsEditing a ParagraphDefinition ParagraphsClassification ParagraphsDescription ParagraphsCompare and Contrast ParagraphsSequence ParagraphsChoice ParagraphsExplanation ParagraphsEvalutionParagraphs Parts of an Essay

  3. Outline Parts of a ParagraphPrewriting ParagraphsWriting ParagraphsEditing a ParagraphDefinition ParagraphsClassification ParagraphsDescription ParagraphsCompare and Contrast ParagraphsSequence ParagraphsChoice ParagraphsExplanation ParagraphsEvalutionParagraphs Parts of an Essay

  4. Parts of a Paragraph • Topic Sentence • Supporting Details • Closing Sentence https://www.testden.com/toefl/writing-tutorial/parts-of-a-paragraph.htm

  5. Topic Sentence • What is the topic sentence?The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph.What does it do?It introduces the main idea of the paragraph.How do I write one?Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Indicate to the reader what your paragraph will be about. Example:There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.

  6. Supporting Details • What are supporting sentences?They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph.What do they do?They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph.How do I write them?You should give supporting facts, details, and examples. Example:There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university.Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.

  7. Closing Sentence • What is the closing sentence?The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph. What does it do?It restates the main idea of your paragraph. How do I write one?Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words. Example:There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.

  8. Outline Parts of a ParagraphPrewriting ParagraphsWriting ParagraphsEditing a ParagraphDefinition ParagraphsClassification ParagraphsDescription ParagraphsCompare and Contrast ParagraphsSequence ParagraphsChoice ParagraphsExplanation ParagraphsEvalutionParagraphs Parts of an Essay

  9. Prewriting Paragraphs • think carefully and organize your ideas for your paragraph before you begin writing: 1.  Think carefully about what you are going to write. 2. Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic 3. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea

  10. Outline Parts of a ParagraphPrewriting ParagraphsWriting ParagraphsEditing a ParagraphDefinition ParagraphsClassification ParagraphsDescription ParagraphsCompare and Contrast ParagraphsSequence ParagraphsChoice ParagraphsExplanation ParagraphsEvalution Paragraphs

  11. Writing Paragraphs • turn your ideas into sentences. 1.  Write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and closing sentence.2.   Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning.3.   Focus on the main idea of your paragraph.4.   Use the dictionary to help you find additional words to express your ideas.

  12. Outline Parts of a ParagraphPrewriting ParagraphsWriting ParagraphsEditing a ParagraphDefinition ParagraphsClassification ParagraphsDescription ParagraphsCompare and Contrast ParagraphsSequence ParagraphsChoice ParagraphsExplanation ParagraphsEvalutionParagraphs Parts of an Essay

  13. Editing a Paragraph • Grammar and Spelling1.    Check your spelling.2.    Check your grammar.3.    Read your paragraph again.4.    Make sure each sentence has a subject.5.    See if your subjects and verbs agree with each other.6.    Check the verb tenses of each sentence.7.    Make sure that each sentence makes sense.Style and Organization1.    Make sure your paragraph has a topic sentence.2.    Make sure your supporting sentences focus on the main idea.3.    Make sure you have a closing sentence.4.    Check that all your sentences focus on the main idea.5.    See if your paragraph is interesting.

  14. Outline Parts of a ParagraphPrewriting ParagraphsWriting ParagraphsEditing a ParagraphDefinition ParagraphsClassification ParagraphsDescription ParagraphsCompare and Contrast ParagraphsSequence ParagraphsChoice ParagraphsExplanation ParagraphsEvalutionParagraphs Parts of an Essay

  15. Definition paragraphs • take a thing or an idea and explain what it is.Example: Write a paragraph giving the definition of a pest.The following words can help you to write a good definition paragraph:1.    "is defined as"Example: A pest is defined as any animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property. • 2.     "is a kind of" Example: A pest is a kind of animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property.

  16. Outline Parts of a ParagraphPrewriting ParagraphsWriting ParagraphsEditing a ParagraphDefinition ParagraphsClassification ParagraphsDescription ParagraphsCompare and Contrast ParagraphsSequence ParagraphsChoice ParagraphsExplanation ParagraphsEvalutionParagraphs Parts of an Essay

  17. Classification Paragraphs • you group things or ideas into specific categories.Example: Write a paragraph discussing two types of energy resources.

  18. Outline Parts of a ParagraphPrewriting ParagraphsWriting ParagraphsEditing a ParagraphDefinition ParagraphsClassification ParagraphsDescription ParagraphsCompare and Contrast ParagraphsSequence ParagraphsChoice ParagraphsExplanation ParagraphsEvalutionParagraphs Parts of an Essay

  19. Description Paragraphs • you are writing about what a person, place, or thing is like. Sometimes, you may describe where a place is located.

  20. Outline Parts of a ParagraphPrewriting ParagraphsWriting ParagraphsEditing a ParagraphDefinition ParagraphsClassification ParagraphsDescription ParagraphsCompare and Contrast ParagraphsSequence ParagraphsChoice ParagraphsExplanation ParagraphsEvalutionParagraphs Parts of an Essay

  21. Compare and Contrast Paragraphs • you write about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, things, or ideas.Example:Write a paragraph comparing the weather in Vancouver and Halifax.

  22. Outline Parts of a ParagraphPrewriting ParagraphsWriting ParagraphsEditing a ParagraphDefinition ParagraphsClassification ParagraphsDescription ParagraphsCompare and Contrast ParagraphsSequence ParagraphsChoice ParagraphsExplanation ParagraphsEvalution Paragraphs

  23. Sequence Paragraphs • you are writing to describe a series of events or a process in some sort of order. Usually, this order is based on time. • Example:Write a paragraph outlining how a person becomes the Prime Minister.

  24. Outline Parts of a ParagraphPrewriting ParagraphsWriting ParagraphsEditing a ParagraphDefinition ParagraphsClassification ParagraphsDescription ParagraphsCompare and Contrast ParagraphsSequence ParagraphsChoice ParagraphsExplanation ParagraphsEvalutionParagraphs Parts of an Essay

  25. Choice Paragraphs • you have to make a choice, you need to choose which object, idea, or action that you prefer. Often, you will need to give your opinion on a choice of actions or events.Example:Write a paragraph stating whether you would prefer to play hockey or lacrosse.

  26. Outline Parts of a ParagraphPrewriting ParagraphsWriting ParagraphsEditing a ParagraphDefinition ParagraphsClassification ParagraphsDescription ParagraphsCompare and Contrast ParagraphsSequence ParagraphsChoice ParagraphsExplanation ParagraphsEvalution Paragraphs

  27. Explanation Paragraphs • you need to explain how or why something happens. Very often in social studies class, you will be asked to explore causes and effects of certain events. Example:Write a paragraph explaining why so many Europeans moved to Canada during the nineteenth century.

  28. Outline Parts of a ParagraphPrewriting ParagraphsWriting ParagraphsEditing a ParagraphDefinition ParagraphsClassification ParagraphsDescription ParagraphsCompare and Contrast ParagraphsSequence ParagraphsChoice ParagraphsExplanation ParagraphsEvalutionParagraphs Parts of an Essay

  29. Evaluation Paragraphs • you make judgments about people, ideas, and possible actions. • make your evaluation based on certain criteria that you develop. • state your evaluation or recommendation and then support it by referring to your criteria. • Example:Write a paragraph evaluating whether pesticides should be used on farms.

  30. Evaluation Paragraphs

  31. Parts of an Essay

  32. Parts of an Essay • Introduction Paragraph • Supporting Paragraphs • Summary Paragraph

  33. Introduction Paragraph the first paragraph of your essay. introduces the main idea of your essay. A good opening paragraph captures the interest of your reader and tells why your topic is important. Write the thesis statement. The main idea of the essay is stated in a single sentence called the thesis statement. You must limit your entire essay to the topic you have introduced in your thesis statement. Provide some background information about your topic. You can use interesting facts, quotations, or definitions of important terms you will use later in the essay. Example:Hockey has been a part of life in Canada for over 120 years. It has evolved into an extremely popular sport watched and played by millions of Canadians. The game has gone through several changes since hockey was first played in Canada.

  34. Supporting Paragraphs • make up the main body of your essay. develop the main idea of your essay. How do I write them?1.    List the points that develop the main idea of your essay.2.    Place each supporting point in its own paragraph.3.    Develop each supporting point with facts, details, and examples.To connect your supporting paragraphs, you should use special transition words. Transition words link your paragraphs together and make your essay easier to read. Use them at the beginning and end of your paragraphs.

  35. Supporting Paragraphs Examples of transition words that can help you to link your paragraphs together: For listing different pointsFirst Second Third For counter examplesHowever Even though On the other hand Nevertheless For additional ideasAnother In addition to Related to Furthermore Also To show cause and effectTherefore Thus As a result of Consequently Like all good paragraphs, each supporting paragraph should have a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a summary sentence.

  36. Summary Paragraph • comes at the end of your essay after you have finished developing your ideas. The summary paragraph is often called a "conclusion." It summarizes or restates the main idea of the essay. You want to leave the reader with a sense that your essay is complete. How do I write one?1.    Restate the strongest points of your essay that support your main idea. 2.    Conclude your essay by restating the main idea in different words. 3.    Give your personal opinion or suggest a plan for action. Example:Overall, the changes that occurred in hockey have helped to improve the game. Hockey is faster and more exciting as a result of changes in the past 120 years. For these reasons, modern hockey is a better game than hockey in the 1890s.

  37. Exercise • Finds papers in your research area: • Evaluation Study • Survey • Research Papers

  38. Quiz • رشته مهندسی کامپیوتر را معرفی کنید. • اخیرا خبری منتشر شده است که کتابخانه دانشگاه شما برای گسترش و نوسازی در سه ماه تابستان بسته خواهد شد، آیا با این کار موافق هستید یا مخالف؟

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