Chapter 22 - SQL, MySQL, DBI and ADO

1. Chapter 22 - SQL, MySQL, DBI and ADO Outline 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Relational Database Model 22.3 Relational Database Overview 22.4 Structured Query Language 22.4.1 Basic SELECT Query 22.4.2 WHERE Clause 22.4.3 GROUPBY Clause 22.4.4 ORDERBY Clause 22.4.5 Merging Data from Multiple Tables 22.4.6 Inserting a Record 22.4.7 Updating a Record 22.4.8 DELETEFROM Statement 22.4.9 TitleAuthor Query from Books.mdb 22.5 MySQL

2. Chapter 22 - SQL, MySQL, DBI and ADO Outline 22.6 Introduction to DBI 22.6.1 Perl Database Interface 22.6.2 Python DB-API 22.6.3 PHP dbx module 22.7 ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) 22.8 Internet and World Wide Web Resources

3. 22.1 Introduction • Database • Integrated collection of data • Database management system (DBMS) • Provides mechanisms for storing and organizing data • Allows users to access and store data without addressing internal representation of databases • Relational databases • Consist of data corresponding to one another • Most popular database systems in use • Uses Structured Query Language (SQL) to create queries • Examples: Oracle, MS SQL Server, MySQL, Informix

4. 22.2 Relational Database Model • Relational database model • Logical representation of data allowing users to consider relationships between data • Consists of tables • Following figure illustrates Employee table • Might exist in personnel system • Table row called record • Table column called field • Number field is primary key • Contains unique data that cannot be duplicated • Identifies the record • Examples: social security number, employee ID number, etc.

5. 22.2 Relational Database Model Fig. 22.1 Relational database structure.

6. 22.2 Relational Database Model • SQL statements • Use to obtain table subsets • Complete set of keywords enable programmers to define complex queries • Results of query called result sets (or record sets) • Following table shows results of SQL query (Fig. 22.2) • Provides geographical location of several departments Fig. 22.2 Result set formed by selecting data from a table.

7. 22.3 Relational Database Overview • Overview SQL using Books.mdb database • Consists of four tables • Authors, Publishers, AuthorISBN and Tables • Primary key fields in italics • Authors table (Figs. 22.3 and 22.4) • Consists of four fields • Unique ID number, first name, last name and year of birth • Contains null value for YearBorn field • Not primary key, so can contain null values • FirstName and LastName can contain null values also

8. 22.3 Relational Database Overview

9. 22.3 Relational Database Overview • Publishers table (Figs. 22.5 and 22.6) • Consists of two fields • Unique ID and publisher name

10. 22.3 Relational Database Overview • Titles table (Figs. 22.7 and 22.8) • Consists of six fields • ISBN number, title, edition number, year published, book description and publisher ID number

11. 22.3 Relational Database Overview

12. 22.3 Relational Database Overview • AuthorISBN table (Figs. 22.9 and 22.10) • Consists of two fields • ISBN number and author ID number • Links names of authors with respective book titles

13. 22.3 Relational Database Overview

14. 22.3 Relational Database Overview • Microsoft Access diagram (Fig. 22.11) • Illustrates relationships between tables in database • Lines represent table relationships • One-to-many relationship • Example: line between Publishers and Titles tables • Single publisher can have many books in Titles table

15. 22.3 Relational Database Overview Fig. 22.11 Table relationships in Books.mdb.

16. 22.3 Relational Database Overview • Rule of Entity Integrity • Every record must have value in primary key field • Primary key values must be unique • Foreign key field (or constraints) • References primary key field in another table • Specified when creating tables • Maintains Rule of Referential Integrity • Every foreign key field value must appear in another table’s primary key field • Example: PublisherID field in Titles table • Enables information from multiple tables to be joined for analysis

17. 22.4 Structured Query Language • Overview SQL using Books.mdb database • Following table lists some SQL keywords

18. 22.4.1 Basic SELECT Query • Extracts information from one or more tables • Simplest form • SELECT*FROMTableName • Asterisk (*) notifies query to select all rows and columns from table • TableName specifies a table in database • Example: SELECT*FROMAuthors • Selecting specific fields • Replace asterisk (*) with field names • Example: SELECTAuthorID, LastNameFROMAuthors

19. 22.4.1 Basic SELECT Query

20. 22.4.2 WHERE Clause • Optional clause in SELECT query • Selects records satisfying selection criteria • Basic form • SELECTfieldName1, fieldName2FROMTableNameWHEREcriteria • Example: SELECT*FROMAuthorsWHEREYearBorn>1960 • Result set contains two authors born after 1960

21. 22.4.2 WHERE Clause • Can contain operators • <, >, <=, >=, =, <> and LIKE • LIKE operator • Performs pattern matching with wildcard characters asterisk (*) and question mark (?) • Pattern matching allows SQL to search for particular string or string of characters • Asterisk (*) indicates string can have zero or more characters at it’s position • Example: SELECTAuthorID, FirstName, LastName, YearBornFROMAuthorsWHERELastNameLIKE‘D*’ • Result set contains two records

22. 22.4.2 WHERE Clause

23. 22.4.2 WHERE Clause • LIKE operator, cont. • Question mark (?) indicates single character can occupy it’s position • Example: SELECTAuthorID, FirstName, LastName, YearBornFROMAuthorsWHERELastNameLIKE‘?i*’ • Result set contains one author

24. 22.4.2 WHERE Clause • Specifying range of characters • Use [startValue-endValue] • startValue is first character in range • endValue is last character in range

25. 22.4.3 GROUPBY Clause • Groups result set by a particular column • Basic form • SELECTfieldName, COUNT(*) FROMTableNameGROUPBYfieldName • COUNT returns number of records selected by query • Example: SELECTAuthorID, COUNT (*) ASCountFROMAuthorISBNGROUPBYAuthorID • COUNT (*) ASCount assigns name to column that contains total count values

26. 22.4.3 GROUPBY Clause • Combining WHERE and GROUPBY clauses • Example: SELECTAuthorID, COUNT(*) ASCountFROMAuthorISBNWHEREAuthorID<=3GROUPBYAuthorID • Result set contains three records

27. 22.4.4 ORDERBY Clause • Sorts result set by given criteria • In ascending order (ASC) or descending order (DESC) • Basic form • SELECTfieldName1, fieldName2FROMTableNameORDERBYfieldNameASC • Can replace ASC with DESC • Example: SELECTAuthorID, FirstName, LastName,YearBornFROMAuthorsORDERBYLastNameASC

28. 22.4.4 ORDERBY Clause • Basic form, cont. • To obtain same list in descending order • Example: SELECTAuthorID, FirstName, LastName,YearBornFROMAuthorsORDERBYLastNameDESC

29. 22.4.4 ORDERBY Clause • Sorts multiple fields • Example: SELECTAuthorID, FirstName, LastName,YearBornFROMAuthorsORDERBYLastName, FirstName • ASC keyword is default sorting order, so is optional • First sorts by last name, then by first name

30. 22.4.4 ORDERBY Clause • Combining WHERE and ORDERBY clauses • Example: SELECTISBN, Title, EditionNumber,YearPublished, PublisherIDFROMTitlesWHERETitleLIKE‘*HowtoProgram’ORDERBYTitleASC • Selects titles ending in “How to Program” • Sorts them in ascending order

31. 22.4.4 ORDERBY Clause

32. 22.4.5 Merging Data from Multiple Tables • May need to combine data from different tables • Merging data = joining tables • Combines records from different tables • Extracts records common to tables • Basic form • SELECTfieldName1, fieldName2FROMTableName1, TableName2WHERETableName1.fieldName = TableName2.fieldName • WHERE clause specifies fields to be compared from each table • Normally represent primary key field in one table and foreign key field in other table

33. 22.4.5 Merging Data from Multiple Tables • Basic Form, cont. • Example: SELECTFirstName, LastName, ISBNFROMAuthors, AuthorISBNWHEREAuthors.AuthorID=AuthorISBN.AuthorIDORDERBYLastName, FirstName • Merges FirstName and LastName fields from Authors table with ISBN field from AuthorISBN table • Result set contains list of authors and ISBN numbers of books each author wrote • Sorts in ascending order by LastName and FirstName

34. 22.4.5 Merging Data from Multiple Tables

35. 22.4.5 Merging Data from Multiple Tables • Fully qualified name • TableName.fieldName specifies fields to be compared • Fields with same name in tables require “TableName.” syntax • Cross database queries require database name before TableName

36. 22.4.6 Inserting a Record • Use INSERTINTO operation • Basic Form • INSERTINTO TableName (fieldName1, fieldName2)VALUES (value1, value2) • TableName specifies table that receives new records • Comma-separated list of field names specify the fields of TableName • Specifies columns that receive new records • VALUES specifies data to be inserted into table • Example: INSERTINTOAuthors (FirstName,LastName, YearBorn)VALUES (‘Sue’, ‘Smith’, 1960) • Inserts three values into three columns of Authors table

37. 22.4.6 Inserting a Record

38. 22.4.7 Updating a Record • Modifies data in tables (updates records) • Basic form: • UPDATETableNameSETfieldName = value1WHEREcriteria • SET assigns values to certain fields • Example: UPDATEAuthorsSETYearBorn=‘1969’WHERELastName=‘Deitel’ANDFirstName=‘Paul’ • AND states all components of selection criteria must be satisfied • Can replace WHERE clause with WHEREAuthorID=2

39. 22.4.7 Updating a Record

40. 22.4.8 DELETEFROM Statement • Removes data from tables • Basic form • DELETEFROMTableNameWHEREcriteria • Example: DELETEFROMAuthorsWHERELastName=‘Smith’ANDFirstName=‘Sue’ • Can replace WHERE clause with WHEREAuthorID=5

41. 22.4.9 TitleAuthor Query from Books.mdb • Books.mdb contains one predefined query • TitleAuthor • Produces table containing book title, ISBN number, last name, book’s year published and publisher’s name • Figure 22.27 shows query, Figure 22.28 shows result set

42. Fully qualified names for clarity Lines 1-3 indicate fields that query selects Joins tables provided that PublisherID in Publishers table matches PublisherID in Titles table Combines two preceding result sets on condition that ISBN field in Titles table matches ISBN field in AuthorISBN table 1 SELECT Titles.Title, Titles.ISBN, Authors.FirstName, 2 Authors.LastName, Titles.YearPublished, 3 Publishers.PublisherName 4 FROM Publishers, Titles, Authors, AuthorISBN 5 WHERE Publishers.PublisherID = Titles.PublisherID 6 AND Authors.AuthorID = AuthorISBN.AuthorID 7 AND Titles.ISBN = AuthorISBN.ISBN 8 ORDER BY Titles.Title TitleAuthor Fig. 22.27 TitleAuthor query from the Books.mdb database.

43. 22.4.9 TitleAuthor Query from Books.mdb

44. 22.5 MySQL • Pronounced “My Ess Que Ell” • Robust and scalable RDBMS • Multiuser, multithreaded server • Performs multiple commands concurrently • Uses SQL to interact with data • Supports various programming languages • C, C++, Java, Python, Perl, PHP, etc • Supports various operating systems • Windows, Linux and Unix • Access multiple databases with single query

45. 22.6 Introduction to DBI • Databases part of distributed applications • Divides work across multiple computers • Retrieves result set and displays results • Driver • Helps programs access databases • Each can have different syntax • Each database requires its own driver • Interface • Provides uniform access to all database systems • Database interface • Programmatic library for accessing relational database

46. 22.6.1 Perl Database Interface • Perl DBI • Enables users to access relational databases from Perl programs • Database independent • Most widely used interface in Perl • Uses handles (Fig. 22.29) • Object-oriented interfaces • Driver handles, database handles, statement handles

47. 22.6.2 Python DB-API • Python DB-API • Database application programming interface • Portable across several databases • Consists of Connection and Cursor data objects • Connection data object (Fig. 22.30) • Accesses database through four methods • Cursor data object (Fig. 22.31) • Manipulates and retrieves data

48. 22.6.2 Python DB-API

49. 22.6.3 PHP dbx module • dbx module • Consists of seven functions that interface to database modules • Supports MySQL, PostgreSQL and ODBC databases

50. 22.7 ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) • Microsoft Universal Data Access (UDA) • Supports high-performance data access to relational,non-relational and mainframe data sources • Consists of three primary components • OLE DB • Core of UDA architecture • Provides low-level access to data source • Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) • C programming-language library • Uses SQL to access data • ActiveX Data Objects • Simple object modules • Provide uniform access to data source through OLE DB