Animal Kingdom Vertebrates

1. Animal KingdomVertebrates Chapter 3.8 Mrs. Christman

2. What characteristics do scientists use to classify animals? • Scientists classify animals based on cell structure, how cells are organized into tissues, how tissues are organized into organs, and how organs are organized into systems.

3. What are Vertebrates? • Vertebrates are animals that have backbones. The backbone helps an animal turn its body.

4. Chordate Cladogram Section 30-1 Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Nonvertebratechordates Invertebrate ancestor

5. Fish – Basic Facts

6. Groups of Fish • Agnatha (Jawless Fish) – • Have mouths of soft tissue with no true teeth. • Have no jaws or bones • Skeletons are made of cartilage (not bone) • These fish do not have a true backbone, but they do have a tough nerve cord that runs down their back. • They look more like big worms than like fish • Lampreys, Hagfish Lamprey Hayfish

7. Groups of Fish Sea Ray • Chondrichthyes– • Have jaws • Skeletons are made of cartilage (not bone) • The cartilage running down their backs is made of a chain of smaller parts called vertebrae • Have paired fins • Sharks, sea rays Whale Shark - Chondrichthyes

8. Groups of Fish • Osteichthyes (bony fish)– • Have bones instead of cartilage • Have fins that look like fans with spokes in them • Have a movable flap over their gills that allows them to breathe while staying still • Unlike sharks, most bony fish have an organ called a swim bladder, or air sac, that allows them to hover at any depth • Majority of fish fall in this group • Carp, sea horse, perch, etc.

10. Amphibians – Basic Facts • Amphibian = “double life” • Larvae (babies) live in water; adults live on land • Most larvae are fishlike; adults are terrestrial carnivores • Larvae respire through skin/gills; Adults use lungs • Most adult amphibians have four legs and moist skin that is not covered with scales

11. The Life Cycle of a Frog Section 30-3 Adult Frog Fertilized Eggs Frog eggs are laid in water and undergo external fertilization. The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later. Young Frog Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults. Tadpoles

12. Water Land Bones Lungs Ribs Efficientmovement Breathing air Support and protection Amphibians Section 30-3 means “Double life” as larvæ they live in adults they live on and have special adaptations such as are that allow for that allow that provide are

13. Groups of Amphibians • Salamanders – • Long bodies and tails • Adults are carnivorous • Usually live in moist woods • Frogs and Toads – • Lack tails • Frogs have long legs and are usually tied to water • Toads have shorter legs and not as closely tied to water • Caecilians – • Legless animals that burrow in moist soil • Have fishlike scales

14. Spotted Salamander Poison Dart Frog Fire Bellied Toad Caecilian

16. Reptiles – Basic Facts • All reptiles have: • Dry, scaly skin – helps prevent loss of body water in dry environments • Leathery eggs • Breathes through lungs • Cold-blooded North American Alligator Nile Crocodile Coral Snake

17. Groups of Reptiles • Lizards and Snakes • Have legs & clawed toes (lizards) external ears, moveable eyelids • Highly evolved specialized forms (venom) • Crocodiles and Alligators • Long, typically broad snout and squat appearance • All are carnivorous • Protective of young; carry hatchlings in their mouth • Live in tropics and subtropics • Alligators live in freshwater • Crocodiles live in fresh or saltwater

18. Groups of Reptiles (con.) • Turtles and Tortoises – • All are shelled • Turtles are aquatic; tortoises are terrestrial • Tuatara – • Primitive reptiles found on small, remote islands Tuatara Galapagos Tortoise Sea Turtle

20. Birds – Basic Facts • Nearly 10,000 modern bird species • Birds are closely related to reptiles (scales on legs) • Have feathers, two legs used for walking or perching, and forelimbs modified into wings • Feathers separate birds from all other animal species • Feathers provide insulation for warmth; can generate on body heat • Beak/Bills adapted to type of food they eat • Highly efficient respiratory system; lungs only exposed to oxygen rich air • Lay eggs

21. Wings Feathers Strong chestmuscles Efficientrespiratorysystem Efficientcirculatorysystem Homologous tofront limbs in othervertebrates Providewarmth Upward anddownward wingstrokes One-way flowof O2-rich air O2 distributionto body tissues Section 31-2 Birds have the followingadaptations to flight which are that also that power that provide that ensure

22. Purple Finch Stork Red-Tailed Hawk Emu

24. Mammals – Basic Facts • Basic characteristics • Hair • Feed milk to their young • Have lungs to breathe air • Warm blooded– can generate own body heat • Give birth to babies