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White Australia’s Demise and Post Vietnam Refugee Crisis Prof Richard Broome La Trobe University. Presentation subtitle. 1: Background Understanding. 19thC Racism Origins of White Australia Policy Connections of whiteness and nationality. Anti-Chinese Sentiment Re-emerges in 1870s.

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  1. White Australia’s Demise and Post Vietnam Refugee Crisis Prof Richard Broome La Trobe University Presentation subtitle

  2. 1: Background Understanding • 19thC Racism • Origins of White Australia Policy • Connections of whiteness and nationality Example presentation title Page 2

  3. Anti-Chinese Sentiment Re-emerges in 1870s • Tolerance ends • Workers’ anxiety • Maritime Strike 1878 • Anti-Chinese Immigration Act 1881 • Chinese in Melbourne furniture trade • Extends to migration morals & nationalism Example presentation title Page 3

  4. Anti-Chinese Campaign • Anxieties re. Chinese Commissioners’ Visit 1887 • ‘Afghan’ Crisis 1888 • Legislation in NSW> all colonies • Racism underpins these moves • stereotyping Example presentation title Page 4

  5. Bulletin: Anti-Chinese Campaign Example presentation title Page 5

  6. Late 19thC. Invasion Novels • International genre • Anxiety re national strength, unity, race fitness • William Lane’s White or Yellow (1888) • Critique of Brit.capitalism • Of urban masculinity • Lane and the labour movement • Creation ‘New Australia’ Example presentation title Page 6

  7. Discourse of Asia Rising • Charles Pearson:reformer • His National Life and Character (1893) • Influential: why? • His views of white and other races • Challenged racial determinism • Transnational influence Example presentation title Page 7

  8. 3: Alfred Deakin & Immigration Act • Brilliant rise - MP @ 24 • Most eminent colonial • Cosmopolitan man • American influences 1888 • Race hierarchy-whiteness • Nation & homogeneity • Mississippi/Natal test • Immig Restrict’n Act 1901 • London Morning Post • Rationale‘New Protection’ Example presentation title Page 8

  9. Achieving Whiteness • Pacific Islanders Expulsion Act 1906 • Aust. Constitution ignores Aboriginal presence • State Aboriginal Acts • Non-white decline • Diplomatic exceptions Example presentation title Page 9

  10. Sydney 1908: Burns v. Johnson • 1900c:Colour line in US-controlled boxing • Not in UK – Peter Jackson’s bouts • Or Australia • Whiteman’s counties not exact replicas • But race dominant Western discourse Example presentation title Page 10

  11. Australia’s Tri-level of Identity • 1: Australian nationalism • 2: British patriotism • 3: Race patriotism • Hancock (1930): ‘Independent Australian Britons’ Example presentation title Page 11

  12. Paris Peace Conference 1918-1919 • Pres. Wilson idealism • Japan seeks racial equality • Diplomatic struggles • Dominions dominate • Hughes outspoken • Japan’s humiliation • Treaty’s legacy - Whiteness & Japanese militarism Prime Minister Billy Hughes Aust Nat Lib pic an 12266389 Example presentation title Page 12

  13. Deportation Controversies 1946-9 Malaysian seamen International & local disapproval Not just Asians > pic. O’Keefe case 1949 Calwell’s opposition WAP dented Example presentation title Page 13 Example presentation title Page 13

  14. Modifications in the 1950s Special cases cause difficulty: Chinese nationals; Eurasians and the 50% rule; war brides and Cherry Parker case Asian students Asian engagement and the Columbo Plan Holt’s 1956 administrative refinements Migration Act 1958: end of dictation test Example presentation title Page 14 Example presentation title Page 14

  15. 1960s Policy Debate: For Change • Principle: academics, churches & NGOs • Cosmopolitanism: students & elites • Pragmatism: Foreign Affairs Dept • Immigration Reform Group: Mackie, Rivett • Peter Heydon, Secretary Immigration Dept • Hubert Opperman, Minister of Immigration Example presentation title Page 15 Example presentation title Page 15

  16. 1960s Policy Debate: For Status Quo • Inertia: Many officers of Immigration Dept. • Tradition: Most unions • Defence/Cold War fears: RSL • 60-70% of public opinion- racial world-view • Arthur Calwell Leader of Opposition • Prime Minister Robert Menzies Example presentation title Page 16 Example presentation title Page 16

  17. Shifts within Labor Party • 1966 Whitlam replaces Calwell as leader –seeks to modernise ALP • 1971 ALP National Conf’ence: 3 principles • 1972 win: immigration no election issue: • But WAP ended + reduced targets • 1973: Aust Citizenship Act –ends British preference Example presentation title Page 17

  18. Consequences of New Policy • Al Grassby tours Asia to bury WAP • Dept of Immigration reformed • Lower annual targets: change minimised • 1973 changes: evolutionary from 1956+ • Acceptable responses to a changing context - sig. public acceptance • 1975 Racial Discrimination Act Example presentation title Page 18

  19. Rise of Multiculturalism • Aim of the Whitlam Govt: integration within non–discriminatory Australian society • Aust. Reality: poly-ethnic by 1971 • Labor govt focussed on migrant problems • Al Grassby introduced new paradigm and shifted the debate - ‘family of the nation’ • Subsequent Govts adopt - Frazer Example presentation title Page 19

  20. The end of ‘White Australia’ tested by Asian Refugee Crisis 1976-82 • End of Vietnam War April 1975 • Aust. accepts few at fall of Saigon • Vietnam’s internal problems & war with Kampuchea, China create mass exodus • Two million displaced in Indo-China • Flee by land and in boats • 1 M+ seek refuge overseas; 0.4 m in 1979 alone • Malaysia & Thailand’s solution • Boat people arrive in Australia April 1976+ Example presentation title Page 20

  21. Australia’s Strategies • Stem flow and introduce orderly arrival • Internationalise the issue- internat. law • Geneva Conferences 1978, 1979 • Australia’s intake 1976-82: 176K • Comparative international intake –largest • Success: internal divisions ameliorated Example presentation title Page 21

  22. Yet: 1984 Immigration Debate • Blainey claims: minority driving the policy • West: ‘Asianisation of Australia’, misread? • Protests from Blainey’s colleagues • Blainey’s All for Australia (1984): ‘the secret room’ & conspiracy of elites theory • Surrender Australia? (1985) • First modern History War Example presentation title Page 22

  23. John Howard & ‘One Australia’ • 1985 becomes Opposition Leader • 1988 rejects Aboriginal treaty & guilt • 1989 Attacks multiculturalism ‘One Australia’ • Immigration: opposes family reunion & large-scale Asian immigration (//s Blainey) • 1989 Howard ousted • Lazarus rises 1994, Hanson 1996 Example presentation title Page 23

  24. Bibliography • Lake Marilyn & Reynolds. Henry, Drawing the Global Colour Line, MUP, 2008. • Markus, Andrew. Fear & Hatred. Purifying Australia and California, 1850-1901, H & I, 1979. • Walker, David. Anxious Nation. Australia and the Rise of Asia 1850-1939, UQP, 1999. • Broome, Richard, ‘The Australian Reaction to Jack Johnson’, R. Cashman & M. McKernan, Sport in History, UQP 1979. • Tavan, Gwenda. The Long Slow Death of White Australia, Scribe, Melb. 2005 • Viviani, Nancy. The Long Journey. Vietnamese Migration and Settlement in Australia, Melbourne University Press, Melb. 1984. Example presentation title Page 24

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