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A Factorial Design for Baseball

A Factorial Design for Baseball. Dr. Dan Rand Winona State University. When it was a game, not a poorly run business. How was baseball designed? Abner Doubleday in Cooperstown, or Alexander Cartwright in Hoboken, NJ? Baseball is a beautifully balanced game !.

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A Factorial Design for Baseball

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  1. A Factorial Design for Baseball Dr. Dan Rand Winona State University

  2. When it was a game, not a poorly run business • How was baseball designed? • Abner Doubleday in Cooperstown, or Alexander Cartwright in Hoboken, NJ? • Baseball is a beautifully balanced game !

  3. Distance to bases (infield single) Catcher's throw to catch a base stealer Diamond - why not pentagon or oval? Irregular dimensions - home run fences How many outs ? How many strikes ? How many bases ? Foul ball areas Look at balance of baseball that developed in 1800’s:

  4. Baseball strategy is optimization • leftie vs. rightie (pitcher vs. batter) • Pitcher days between starts • Maximize runs - sacrifice, hit and run, swing away

  5. Balance through product modification • 40 years of trial and error experimentation, then • Ball changed in Babe Ruth's time • Mound raised in 1968. • Designated hitter in 1973. • Home run totals of 1996-2001

  6. We could do it all in 1 experiment • If statisticians invented baseball instead of baseball inventing statisticians… • “Build it, and they will come”

  7. Baseball Design Factors • A - Infield shape/ number of bases - diamond, pentagon • B - outs - 3, 4 • C-Distance to bases - 80 feet, 100 feet • D - foul ball areas - areas behind first, home, and third, or unlimited • E - strikes for an out - 2, 3 • F - fences - short, long • G - Height of pitcher’s mound - low, high

  8. Measurements - trials are innings • # hits, walks, total bases • % infield hits (safe at 1B as % of infield balls in play) • % of outs that are strike-outs • % of outs that are foul-outs • % caught stealing • % baserunners that score • total runs

  9. How many innings ? • Test 7 factors (rules) one-at-a-time, say we need 16 innings at each level • 16 x 7 x 2 (levels) = 224 innings • At what levels are the other 6 factors ? • Full factorial experiment - every combo of 7 factors at 2 levels, 27 = 128 combos • Any factor has 64 innings at its low level, and 64 innings at its high level

  10. A full factorial gives info about every interaction • Interaction = the phenomenon when the effect of one factor on a response depends on the level of another factor.

  11. One trial of a full factorial • A - Infield shape= 5 sides, 5 bases • B - outs = 3 • C-Distance to bases = 100 feet • D - foul ball areas = unlimited • E - strikes for an out = 3 • F - fences = long • G - Height of pitcher’s mound = low

  12. The power of fractional factorials • For 16 innings, each level, each factor: what can we get out of 32 innings? • Can't run every combination - what do we lose? • We can't measure every interaction separately.

  13. The power of fractional factorials • Needed assumptions: • 3-factor interactions don't exist in this model • 2 2-factor interactions can be pre-determined as unlikely to exist. • Then we only need 32 of the 128 combinations • Let’s play ball !

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