CHAPTER 22 AGRICULTURE FINE-FEATHERED FARMING

1. CHAPTER 22 AGRICULTUREFINE-FEATHERED FARMING Creative solutions to feeding the world In Japan, the quiet rice paddies of Takao Furuno.

2. 22 FINE-FEATHERED FARMINGCreative solutions to feeding the world • At the end of this chapter you will know: • About pros and cons of industrial, sustainable, and organic methods of agriculture. • What sustainable methods can reduce the environmental impact of industrial farming. • What role the consumer plays in building a sustainable food system. Learning Outcomes

3. 22 FINE-FEATHERED FARMINGCreative solutions to feeding the world Industrial, organic, and sustainable agriculture will be necessary to feed our increasing population. All methods have advantages and disadvantages, but some techniques increase productivity with less environmental impact. Main Concept Case: Azolla is a weed that has often gotten the better of California rice producers. As an alternative to chemicals, the Massas have been using environmentally friendly, sustainable, organic methods for control. Greg and Raquel Massa manage their third-generation rice farm in California. In three generations, the farm has gone from traditional to chemical, and now to organic agriculture.

4. 22 FINE-FEATHERED FARMINGCreative solutions to feeding the world The Massas wanted to find an alternative to industrial farming. They looked into more sustainable farming methods, which meet the needs of the farmers and society as a whole with less environmental impact. Main Concept

5. 22 FINE-FEATHERED FARMINGCreative solutions to feeding the world The 1940s–1960s Green Revolution was an effort to eliminate hunger by improving crop performance through use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, modern irrigation and equipment, and high-yield varieties (HYTs) of crops. TERMS TO KNOW: Industrial agriculture Sustainable agriculture Organic agriculture Monoculture Eutrophication • Combination of HYTs and technology resulted in success: • 1000% increase in global food production • 20% reduction in famine • But gains came with trade-offs.

6. 22 FINE-FEATHERED FARMINGCreative solutions to feeding the world Fertilizers increased soil productivity, but runoff pollution often results in the death of many aquatic organisms and systems.

7. 22 FINE-FEATHERED FARMINGCreative solutions to feeding the world Fertilizers help crops grow where they wouldn’t otherwise but lead to chemical dependence to enrich nutrient-depleted soil.

8. 22 FINE-FEATHERED FARMINGCreative solutions to feeding the world TERMS TO KNOW: Pesticide resistance Use of pesticides creates toxicity threats to human and ecosystem health, while the pests themselves can become resistant. Greg Massa, right, with rice plants

9. 22 FINE-FEATHERED FARMINGCreative solutions to feeding the world TERMS TO KNOW: Pesticide resistance Use of pesticides creates toxicity threats to human and ecosystem health, while the pests themselves can become resistant. Greg Massa, right, with rice plants

10. 22 FINE-FEATHERED FARMINGCreative solutions to feeding the world TERMS TO KNOW: Pesticide resistance Use of pesticides creates toxicity threats to human and ecosystem health, while the pests themselves can become resistant. Greg Massa, right, with rice plants

11. 22 FINE-FEATHERED FARMINGCreative solutions to feeding the world TERMS TO KNOW: Pesticide resistance Use of pesticides creates toxicity threats to human and ecosystem health, while the pests themselves can become resistant. Greg Massa, right, with rice plants

12. 22 The natural world holds answers to some environmental problems through biomimicry Alternatives from around the world Looking back to ancestral methods—ducks in rice paddies Problems to overcome Adult ducks eat seeds before the seeds have a chance to grow. Foraging ducks trample young seedlings, leaving patches of water that are attractive to more ducks. Ducklings (rather than adult ducks) don’t come with these problems. They are too small to cause much damage, can’t take seeds from the mud, and love to eat bugs and azolla. Self-regulating, polyculture system naturally meeting the needs of a farm ecosystem is an example of agroecology.

13. 22 The natural world holds answers to some environmental problems through biomimicry Alternatives from around the world Looking back to ancestral methods – ducks in rice paddies. Problems to overcome Adult ducks eat seeds before the seeds have a chance to grow. Foraging ducks trample young seedlings, leaving patches of water that are attractive to more ducks. Ducklings (rather than adult ducks) don’t come with these problems. They are too small to cause much damage, can’t take seeds from the mud, and love to eat bugs and azolla. Self-regulating, polyculture system naturally meeting the needs of a farm ecosystem is an example of agroecology.

14. 22 The natural world holds answers to some environmental problems through biomimicry Alternatives from around the world Looking back to ancestral methods – ducks in rice paddies. Problems to overcome Adult ducks eat seeds before the seeds have a chance to grow. Foraging ducks trample young seedlings, leaving patches of water that are attractive to more ducks. Ducklings (rather than adult ducks) don’t come with these problems. They are too small to cause much damage, can’t take seeds from the mud, and love to eat bugs and azolla. Self-regulating, polyculture system naturally meeting the needs of a farm ecosystem is an example of agroecology.

15. 22 The natural world holds answers to some environmental problems through biomimicry Alternatives from around the world Looking back to ancestral methods – ducks in rice paddies. Problems to overcome Adult ducks eat seeds before the seeds have a chance to grow. Foraging ducks trample young seedlings, leaving patches of water that are attractive to more ducks. Ducklings (rather than adult ducks) don’t come with these problems. They are too small to cause much damage, can’t take seeds from the mud, and love to eat bugs and azolla. Self-regulating, polyculture system naturally meeting the needs of a farm ecosystem is an example of agroecology.

16. 22 The natural world holds answers to some environmental problems through biomimicry In addition to the ducklings, fish can also be raised in the rice paddies. They eat the azolla and provide an additional food crop. With the integrated system, the need for pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides were all eliminated with the added bonus of a more diverse harvest.

17. 22 Integrated pest management is another feature of sustainable agriculture TERMS TO KNOW: Integrated pest management (IPM) • IPM – The use of a variety of methods to control a pest population. • Minimizes chemical toxins • Preference is for natural, • biodegradable pesticides

18. 22 Integrated pest management is another feature of sustainable agriculture TERMS TO KNOW: Integrated pest management (IPM) • IPM – The use of a variety of methods to control a pest population. • Minimizes chemical toxins • Preference is for natural, • biodegradable pesticides

20. 22 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.

21. 22 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Contour farming – crops planted parallel to the slope of the land reduce soil erosion Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.

22. 22 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Reduced tillage – limited tilling reduces soil erosion, water evaporation, and the amount of tractor use needed. Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.

23. 22 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Terrace farming – land on steep slopes can be leveled into steps. Erosion is reduced and flooding can be maintained when needed. Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.

24. 22 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Crop rotation – planting different crops every few years to maintain soil fertility and to keep pest levels down. Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.

25. 22 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Strip cropping – Alternating crops in strips several rows apart keeps pest populations low. Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.

26. 22 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high Cover crops protect the field during the off- season to hold soil in place and to improve the soil with nitrogen fixing plants. Traditional, non-industrial farming methods from around the world help protect the soil and keep productivity high without using synthetic fertilizers. Success can be measured not only by crop yield, but also by the richness and diversity of the entire farm habitat.

27. 22 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high • Sustainable agriculture means depending on farming methods that can be used indefinitely. • Water reclamation system • Trees as natural windbreaks and erosion control • Nesting boxes for birds and bats • Buying locally produced food contributes to overall sustainability. • Local economies are supported—fresher and healthier food becomes available, and the ecological footprint becomes smaller.

28. 22 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high • Sustainable agriculture means depending on farming methods that can be used indefinitely. • Water reclamation system • Trees as natural windbreaks and erosion control • Nesting boxes for birds and bats • Buying locally produced food contributes to overall sustainability. • Local economies are supported—fresher and healthier food becomes available, and the ecological footprint becomes smaller. (farmer and environment)

29. 22 Sustainable agriculture techniques can keep farm productivity high • Sustainable agriculture means depending on farming methods that can be used indefinitely. • Water reclamation system • Trees as natural windbreaks and erosion control • Nesting boxes for birds and bats • Buying locally produced food contributes to overall sustainability. • Local economies are supported - fresher and healthier food becomes available, and the ecological footprint becomes smaller. (consumer)

30. Consumer choices matter 22 TERMS TO KNOW: Food miles Carbon footprint Greenwashing Consider how your food is raised. Industrially grown food is usually cheaper, but has a higher environmental impact and a high carbon footprint.

31. Consumer choices matter 22 TERMS TO KNOW: Food miles Carbon footprint Greenwashing Consider how far your food is shipped. Even though more fossil fuels go into the production of industrially grown foods than in shipping it to market, buying food produced closer to home decreases the transportation part of the carbon footprint.

32. Consumer choices matter 22 Buying organic food not only reduces the carbon footprint of the food, it is also healthier for you. If your buying dollars are limited, consider focusing your purchases on the “dirty dozen” – the 12 fruits and vegetables most likely to be contaminated with pesticides.

33. A sustainable food future will rely on a variety of methods 22 TERMS TO KNOW: Annual crops Perennial crops Seed banks Many farmers and scientists are working to develop mixed agriculture systems. These systems grow a mix of different species that better replicates the normal ecological community makeup of a given region.

34. A sustainable food future will rely on a variety of methods 22 TERMS TO KNOW: Annual crops Perennial crops Seed banks A 2010 report by the International Livestock Research Institute concluded mixed polyculture farms like Furuno’s and Massas’ hold the most promise for intensifying food production worldwide.

35. A sustainable food future will rely on a variety of methods 22 TERMS TO KNOW: Annual crops Perennial crops Seed banks Wes Jackson at the Land Institute in Kansas is working on a plan to replace annual grain crops—which need to be replanted every year—with perennial crops that can be harvested year after year. This could reduce the use of labor and fossil fuels, as well as the impact on soil.

36. A sustainable food future will rely on a variety of methods 22 TERMS TO KNOW: Annual crops Perennial crops Seed banks Monocultures have led to the erosion of genetic diversity, making it harder for plants to respond to new fungal pests or changes in climate. Local, national, and international seed banks help ensure that plant varieties do not disappear.

37. PERSONAL CHOICES THAT HELP 22

38. UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE 22

39. UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE 22

40. ANALYZING THE SCIENCE 22

41. EVALUATING NEW INFORMATION 22

42. 22 MAKING CONNECTIONS