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DDT by Rob Celucci

DDT by Rob Celucci. What is DDT?. “DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) is a pesticide that was once widely used to control insects on agricultural crops and insects that carry diseases like malaria and typhus, but is now used in only a few countries

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DDT by Rob Celucci

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  1. DDTby Rob Celucci

  2. What is DDT? “DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) is a pesticide that was once widely used to control insects on agricultural crops and insects that carry diseases like malaria and typhus, but is now used in only a few countries to control malaria. Technical-grade DDT is a mixture of three forms, p,p’-DDT (85%), o,p’-DDT (15%), and o,o’-DDT (trace amounts). All of these are white, crystalline, tasteless, and almost odorless solids. Technical grade DDT may also contain DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene) and DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chloro­ phenyl)ethane) as contaminants. DDD was also used to kill pests, but to a far lesser extent than DDT. One form of DDD (o,p’-DDD) has been used medically to treat cancer of the adrenal gland. Both DDE and DDD are breakdown products of DDT. DDT does not occur naturally in the environment. After 1972, the use of DDT was no longer permitted in the United States except in cases of a public health emergency. It is, however, still used in some other areas of the world, most notably for controlling malaria. The use of DDD to kill pests has also been banned in the United States.”

  3. DDT Use “In recent years, (basically post-World War II) chemical pesticides have become the most important consciously-applied form of pest management. This is a generalization of course; for some crops in some areas, alternative forms of pest control are still used heavily, such as the burning of the grass fields that we experience in late summer and fall in the Willamette Valley. The "first generation" pesticides were largely highly toxic compounds, such as arsenic and hydrogen cyanide. Their use was largely abandoned because they were either too ineffective or too toxic. The "second generation" pesticides largely included synthetic organic compounds. ('Synthetic' here means made by humans -- not naturally occurring, while 'organic' means carbon containing, not to be confused with the popular use of "organic" as in "organic farming".)” DDT was one of these synthetic compounds.

  4. Concerns about DDT Silent Spring a book about the dangers of DDT was written by Rachel Carson Marine biologist. “...It meticulously described how DDT entered the food chain and accumulated in the fatty tissues of animals, including human beings, and caused cancer and genetic damage. A single application on a crop, she wrote, killed insects for weeks and months, and not only the targeted insects but countless more, and remained toxic in the environment even after it was diluted by rainwater. Carson concluded that DDT and other pesticides had irrevocably harmed birds and animals and had contaminated the entire world food supply. The book's most haunting and famous chapter, "A Fable for Tomorrow," depicted a nameless American town where all life -- from fish to birds to apple blossoms to human children -- had been "silenced" by the insidious effects of DDT...”

  5. The Bald Eagle “Forty years ago, our national symbol was in danger of extinction throughout most of its range... The federal government’s banning of DDT, and conservation actions taken by the American public have helped bald eagles make a remarkable recovery.”

  6. Response “‘If man were to faithfully follow the teachings of Miss Carson,’ complained an executive of the American Cyanamid Company, ‘we would return to the Dark Ages, and the insects and diseases and vermin would once again inherit the earth.’ Monsanto published and distributed 5,000 copies of a brochure parodying Silent Spring entitled ‘The Desolate Year,’ relating the devastation and inconvenience of a world where famine, disease, and insects ran amuck because chemical pesticides had been banned. Some of the attacks were more personal, questioning Carson's integrity and even her sanity.” (Talk about Michael R. Taylor, controversy, Current position J.D., Deputy Commissioner for Foods and Veterinary Medicine for the FDA, Mr. Taylor was employed by Monsanto as Vice President of Public Policy.)

  7. DDT Outcome, “Since 1996, EPA has been participating in international negotiations to control the use of DDT and other persistent organic pollutants used around the world. Under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme, countries joined together and negotiated a treaty to enact global bans or restrictions on persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which includes DDT, known as the Stockholm Convention on POPs. The Convention includes a limited exemption for the use of DDT to control mosquitoes which are vectors that carry malaria - a disease that still kills millions of people worldwide. In September 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared its support for the indoor use of DDT in African countries where malaria remains a major health problem, citing that benefits of the pesticide outweigh the health and environmental risks. This is consistent with the Stockholm Convention on POPs, which bans DDT for all uses except for malaria control. DDT is one of 12 pesticides recommended by the WHO for indoor residual spray programs. It is up to countries to decide whether or not to use DDT. EPA works with other agencies and countries to advise them on how DDT programs are developed and monitored, with the goal that DDT be used only within the context of Integrated Vector Management programs, and that it be kept out of agricultural sectors.”

  8. Bibliography "American Flag Eagle." American Flag Eagle. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. "Bald Eagle Fact Sheet." Bald Eagle Fact Sheet. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 Mar. 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. Bonnette, Edward. "The Revolving Door: FDA and the Monsanto Company." IVNus. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. "DDT - A Brief History and Status." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. "DDt Sprayed around Model, Kay Heffernon." DDT Is Sprayed around Model Kay Heffernon to Show That It Won't Contaminate Her Food, Jones Beach, NY, 1948. [1014 × 1280] :. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. "DDT Spraying Pictures." DDT Spraying Pictures. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. "Minneapolis Park History." Minneapolis Park History. N.p., 27 June 2012. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. Muir, Dr. Patricia. "A. HISTORY OF PESTICIDE USE." Http://people.oregonstate.edu/. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. "Rachel Carson 2003 Women's History Month Honorees." Web.archive.org. N.p., n.d. Web. Rep. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Sept. 2002. Web. Feb. 2014. "The Story of Silent Spring." Silent Spring Summary. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. Weiss, Gordon. ""DDT Was So Safe You Could Eat It" - And Other Killer Myths Of Modern Technology." The Global Mail. The Global Mail, 20 Sept. 2012. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.

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