Iclicker Deforestation and Park Management.

1. Iclicker Deforestation and Park Management.

2. Question 1 In which of the following states or areas would you NOT find significant amounts of old-growth forests? A. New England B. Appalachia C. British Columbia D. Washington State E. California 2/3 of Europe’s old growth forests are gone and 95-98% of the U.S.’s as well.

3. Question 2 The most common use of trees worldwide is as… A. pulp in paper production B. lumber for building C. fuelwood D. raw material in the manufacture of various synthetics E. medicines

4. Question 3 The world’s largest importer of wood products is…? • Germany • The United States • Japan • Canada E. China If you are discussing Tropical wood its Japan If you are discussing exporters of wood its Canada

5. Question 4 If after one cut a forest looked like the picture to the right what cutting method may have been used. • selective cutting • seed-tree cutting • clear cutting • shelterwood cutting • strip cutting Seed-tree cutting – harvests most of a stand’s trees in one cutting leaving a few uniformly distributed trees to regenerate the stand.

6. Question 5 Which of the following statements is FALSE? • Wildlife and mature trees are relatively unharmed by surface fires. • Frequent surface fires increase the chances of crown fires • Surface fires release minerals that are locked up in vegetation • Surface fires may actually benefit some plant species and some game animals • Surface fires help control pathogens and insects Fires can be very useful to ecosystems. They do return nutrients, lower competition, eliminate invasive species, and cut down on fuel building up on the forest floor. Humans have suppressed fire so much that fuel often builds up to dangerous levels so that when a fire does occur it turns into a crown fire.

7. Question 6 What is a conservation easement? A. A purchase of land by a private organization for conservation purposes B. A purchase of land by a government for conservation purposes C. A legal agreement exchanging public debt for land for conservation purposes D. A legal agreement where the landowner gives up development rights on his land in exchange for money or tax breaks E. A legal agreement where a landowner agrees to let the government only develop the land in exchange for tax breaks For a forest landowner, the primary purpose of a forest conservation easement is to protect timber resources and other natural resources such as wildlife, water, and open space by separating the right to subdivide and build on the property from other rights of ownership. The landowner who gives up development rights continues to own and manage the land. Typically, governments and conservation groups buy easements. Also, there may be significant tax advantages for donating a conservation easement.

8. Question 7 Which of the following is not a ruminant? • Cow • Pig • Sheep • Goat • Deer A ruminant is a mammal thatdigests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first stomach, then regurgitating the semi-digested mass, now known as cud, and chewing it again. Examples include; cattle, goats, sheep, giraffes, bison, yaks, water buffalo, deer, camels, alpacas, llamas, wildebeest, antelope, pronghorn, and nilgai.

9. Question 8 Which of the following are grass species that increase in abundance with heavy to moderate grazing? A. Decreases B. Increasers C. Invaders D. Riparian grasses E. Invasive grasses • Decreasers - grass species that decline in abundance w/ moderate grazing • Increasers - those species that increase w/ moderate to heavy grazing • Invaders - plants that colonize an area because of major changes in rangeland conditions

10. Question 9 Which of the following is managed on a multiple-use basis? • national wildlife refuges • national wilderness areas • national parks • national resource lands • all of the above National forests, grasslands, and resource lands are used on multiple use basis. Hunting, mining, logging, etc. Wildlife refuge is moderately restricted and can only do above with department of interior approval. Parks are restricted use but still have roads. Wilderness areas are restricted with no roads and are usually interior sections of parks.

11. Question 10 What is the leading cause of tropical deforestation? • Shifting cultivation • Lumber and industrial processes. • Mining and petroleum industries. • Paper and fiber production • Forest fires. Reduce the damage by slowing population growth and discouraging poor from moving to the tropical forests Establish programs to teach populations small scale sustainable agriculture.

12. Question 11 What is a riparian buffer? • Buffers meant to hide the effects of logging. • Thin strips of vegetation for preserving waterway quality and surrounding areas. • Land set aside for grazing, agriculture, etc. • Replanted old growth forests.

13. Question 12 Which of the following is most likely to occur in a forested region that has been recently clear-cut? A The concentration of nitrates in streams running through the region will increase B The average depth of topsoil will increase C The water temperature in streams running through the region will decrease D Volume of runoff after rains will decrease E The frequency of landslides will decrease Roots hold soil in place without them there will be increased runnoff. Included in that run off would be soil nutrients.

14. Question 13 Overgrazing of public land by privately owned livestock is an example of the A. tragedy of the commons B. right of eminent domain C. rule of seventy D. principle of manifest destiny E. swapping of debt for nature The tragedy of the commons is a dilemma arising from the situation in which multiple individuals, acting independently, and solely and rationally consulting their own self-interest, will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long-term interest for this to happen.