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Connective Tissue

Connective tissue is a fundamental tissue type characterized by a small number of cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. It lacks polarity and is richly supplied with blood vessels. This tissue is widely distributed throughout the body and serves critical functions such as connection, support, nutrition transportation, and protection. Connective tissue includes various subtypes, such as connective tissue proper, blood, cartilage, and bone, each with distinct features. Key cells include fibroblasts, adipocytes, and immune cells, which together comprise the functional milieu of connective tissue.

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Connective Tissue

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  1. Connective Tissue

  2. 1. General characteristics • Features: 1. Small number cells and a large amount of matrix 2. No polarity and filled with blood and vessels • Distribution: widely in the body • Function: connection, support, nutrition transportation and protection • Origin: Mesenchymemesenchymal cells, matrix and no fibers

  3. Connective tissue: • Connective tissue proper • Blood • Cartilage • Bone

  4. Connective tissue proper: • Loose connective tissue • Dense connective tissue • Adipose tissue • Reticular tissue

  5. Loose connective tissue(areolar tissue) • structural features: (1)a great variety of cell. (2)small number fibers • distribution: widely among organs and tissues. • function: connection and support, defense and repair • components:

  6. components: • (1) intercellular substances: fibers ground substance • (2) cells:

  7. 2.1 Fibers • collagenous fibers • reticular fibers • elastic fibers

  8. 2.1.1 collagenous fibers • Structure • LM sectionstretch Collagenous fibril • EM Collagenous fibril: collagenous fibril with periodic cross striation • Chemical component: collagen (type Ⅰ, Ⅲ )

  9. 2.1.2 reticular fibers • Stucture: LM EM • Distribution:terminal web • Chemical component collegen (type Ⅲ ) argyrophil fibers

  10. 2.1.3 elastic fibers • Stucture • LM • EM • elastin in the core • microfibril in periphery • Function: keep organs position and shape

  11. 2.2 ground substance • Proteoglycan • Glycoprotein • Tissue fluid

  12. 2.2.1 proteoglycan • glycosaminoglycan: • hyaluronic acid • chondroitin sulfate A,C • keratin sulfate • heparan sulfate • Function • molecular sieve

  13. 2.2.2 glycoprotein: • fibronectin • laminin • chondronnectin

  14. 2.2.3 tissue fluidThe plasma is filtered out capillary to form tissue fluid

  15. 2.3 cells • fibroblasts • fat cells • undifferentiated mesenchymal cells • macrophages • plasma cells • mast cells • white blood cells

  16. 2.3.1 fibroblasts, fibrocytes • Structure • LM stellate, weekly basophillic. Nucleus appears ovoid, pale and clear nucliolus • EM • Function: production of fibers and matrix

  17. 2.3.2 fat cells • Structure • Function: energy reservoir, shock-absorbent padding and insulating layer of body heat.

  18. 2.3.3 undifferentiated mesenchymal cells • Structure • Function: differentiate into various connective tissue cell-types

  19. 2.3.4 macrophages • Types • Histocytes: fixed in loose connective tissue • wandering macrophages: wandering to inflammation area • Structure • LM: phagosome • EM: lysosome • Origin: • Function：phagocytosis, antigen presenting and secreting lysozyme and complement

  20. Function of Macrophages • Chemotaxis, chemotactic factor • Phagocytosis • Secretion: lysozyme, interferon, complement. • Immune reaction(response): • antigen-presenting cells, APC • immune effect cells • immune regulation: cytokines

  21. 2.3.5 plasma cells • Distribution: digestive tract, respiratory tract • Structure • LM:the nucleus is wheel-like • EM: rough endoplasmic reticulum • Origin: from B lymphocyte • Function: secrete immunoglobin

  22. 2.3.6 mast cells • distribution：along the small blood vessels • structure • LM: metachromatic granules in cytoplasm • EM：lysosome and secretory granules • origin • function: allergic reaction and • degranulation • heparin ------ anticoagulant • histamin ----allergy • leukotriene----allergy

  23. 2.3.7 white blood cells

  24. 3. dense connective tissue • 1)  dense irregular connective tissue • 2) dense regular connective tissue • 3)  elastic tissue

  25. 4. adipose tissue • White (yellow) adipose tissuefat cell appears ring-like: a single large droplet in the cytoplasm, and the flattened nucleus locates the rim • Brown adipose tissue rich of vessel in the tissue. Several small droplets in the cytoplasm, and the nucleus locates in the center

  26. 5. reticular tissue  • reticular cellslook stellate and form the web with other cells • reticular fibers tree-like and form the web • ground substances

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