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Extremely halophilic Archaea require large amounts of NaCl for growth.

Extremely halophilic Archaea require large amounts of NaCl for growth. These organisms accumulate large levels of KCl in their cytoplasm as a compatible solute. These salts affect cell wall stability and enzyme activity.

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Extremely halophilic Archaea require large amounts of NaCl for growth.

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  1. Extremely halophilicArchaea require large amounts of NaCl for growth. • These organisms accumulate large levels of KCl in their cytoplasm as a compatible solute. These salts affect cell wall stability and enzyme activity. • The light-mediated proton pump bacteriorhodopsin helps extreme halophiles make ATP.

  2. Thermoplasmatales Sulfolobales Thermoproteales Pyrodictiales Desulfurococcales Marine Crenarcheota Thermococcales Methanopyrales Methano-bacteriales -coccales -microbiales -sarcinales Archaeoglobales Extreme Halophiles Haloalkaliphiles Marine Euryarcheota Nanoarchaeota

  3. Microbes that produce CH4 • Found in many diverse environments • Taxonomy based on phenotypic and phylogenetic features • Process of methanogensis first demonstrated over 200 years ago by Alessandro Volta Methanogens

  4. Methanogenesis • The biological production of CH4 from either CO2 plus H2 or from methylated organic compounds. • A variety of unique coenzymes are involved in methanogenesis • The process is strictly anaerobic. • Energy conservation in methanogenesis involves both proton and sodium ion gradients.

  5. Diversity of Methanogens • Demonstrate diversity of cell wall chemistries • Pseudomurein (e.g., Methanobacterium) • Methanochondroitin (e.g., Methanosarcina) • Protein or glycoprotein (e.g., Methanocaldococcus) • S-layers (e.g., Methanospirillium)

  6. Substrates for Methanogens • Obligate anaerobes • 11 substrates, divided into 3 classes, can be converted to CH4 by pure cultures of methanogens • Other compounds (e.g., glucose) can be converted to methane, but only in cooperative reactions between methanogens and other anaerobic bacteria

  7. Methanogenesis 1 – Methanofuran: CO2 activation 2 – Methanopterin: CO2 CHO methyl 3 – COM CHO CH3 4 – COM + COB + F430 methylreductase 5 – CH3 Methane

  8. Although hyperthermophiles live at very high temperatures, in some cases above the boiling point of water, there are temperature limits beyond which no living organism can survive. • This limit is likely 140–150°C. Hydrogen (H2) catabolism may have been the first energy-yielding metabolism of cells.

  9. 1 2 Evloluntionaryhistory of chloroplasts via endosymbiosis: The Symbiont 3

  10. Origin of the palstids: Cyanobacteria (Bacteria, Prokaryotes) • Recipients: Various algae (Protists, Eukaryotes): • Glaucophyta • Cryptomonads • Rhodophyta • Chlorophyta • Euglenophyta • Chlorachniophyta • Chrysophyta • Heterocontae • Diatoms • Dinoflagellata (green) • Dinoflagellata (brown)

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