Unit 1 Study Guide

1. Unit 1 Study Guide Summary Version You should add information/ connect these questions to the vocabulary terms from this Unit as well

2. Question #1 1a. What was the Renaissance? • Description and Meaning: • Critical rebirth of Greek and roman ideals • era of creativity change and innovation • Artists and scholars produced great work • Age of examination and exploration • Significance and Impact: • Great art was produced, era of humanism, expression, individuality. • Explored many areas they couldn’t before • 1b. Why did it start in Italy? Geography: • peninsular nation-trade • Roman ruins-near by • Central Europe (many trade routes) • Were church was centered ($) Economy: • Trade • Church gave money to artisans • Rich people gave money to artisans (Patrons) Society: • People were becoming individuals and wanted to live life to the fullest Government: - Italy was divided into city-states and each city-states would compete against one another for power. Each city-state was controlled by a powerful family (merchants) and these families wanted to keep the citizens of their states happy so that they could stay in power.

3. Question #2 • 2a. What was humanism • Definition: • Interest in the ancient world and renewed interest in learning and education • The humanities: • Examples: languages, math, history, etc. (the subjects you take) • Impact/ effect: • Renewed interest in logical thinking, art, and religion • 2b. How did the art and literature of the time reflect humanist thought? • Examples of individualism: • Having personal needs/goals and wants • Ex: Portraits (the Mona Lisa – by da Vinci) • Secularism: • Being interested in things of this world • Art that focuses on worldly matters (Bruegel’s landscapes of peasant life) • Idealism: • The idea of a better/ ideal society to work towards • Ex: An ideal society (Utopia by Sir Thomas Moore) • Realism: • Detailed Paintings that portray how things really look (Ex: Rabbit– by Durer) • Skepticism: • Questioning Authority/ Tradition (Ex: Copernicus is skeptical about geocentric universe)

4. Question #3 • Expansion North – trade routes/ Italy’s location spread the Renaissance from Italy northward • Influence of Artists – traveled significantly and more people experienced Renaissance Art • Impact of Tech – Printing Press is cheaper and easier to produce (ex: bible) • Compare and Contrast – • Individualism – expressed through unique styles (ex: Shakespeare) • Realism – Artists painted using perspective as oil paints are introduced • Humanism – secularism: focus more on worldly things • Skepticism – question authority including the Church, standard art practices and geocentric theory

5. Question 4 • Reasons for breaking with Church • Secular interests of the Church = not focusing on education, corruption and the selling of indulgences • Indulgences = piece of paper that forgave people of their sins and then they would spend less time in purgatory • 95 theses and spread – Martin Luther’s major work that spread via the Printing Press • Martin Luther’s Ideals • Pope did not speak for god, the church and priesthood was not needed for salvation and all you need is Faith to get to heaven. • Diet of Worms – meeting organized by Charles V (HRE) ordering Luther to take back the 95 Theses. Excommunicated Luther when he refused

6. Question 5 • Compare and Contrast • Major tenants of Christianity – monotheistic, believed in 1 God and Jesus, and believed in the Bible • Heaven  Catholicism (faith and good deeds/ Purgatory), Luther (just faith), Calvinism (Predestination) • Bible  Catholic (only Church officials read bible) Luther (everyone can read bible/ rituals don’t mater) Calvin (read & interpret bible literally) • Leadership  Catholic (Pope), Luther (elected council), Calvin (appointed elders)

7. Question 6 • Reasons behind Henry 8th • Personal issues – wife could not have anymore kids and he needs an heir so he wants to divorce his first wife • Political issues – wanted more power and wealth (confiscated Church lands) • Edward • VERY protestant presented Crammers Book of common prayer and converted all of England into Protestantism • Mary • VERY Catholic – returned England to the Catholic faith and persecuted Protestants • Elizabeth • middle ground between Catholics and Protestants (gave power to the Bishops and ended religious strife in England)

8. Question 7 • What was the Catholic Reformation  Goals • Get Protestants to revert to Catholicism and emphasize elements of the Catholic faith • Council of Trent  established reform in 1545, established schools and bettered education, tried to end corruption, reinforced what principles the Catholic faith believed in. • Jesuits  • founded by Loyola to recruit people to Catholicism • Inquisition  • church court to try people for heresy, and the index of forbidden books was a list of works considers too immoral for Catholics to read

9. Question 8 • Scientific advances • Kepler – planets revolved in ellipses • Galileo – invented the telescope • Brahe – supporting the heliocentric theory • Newton – gravity • Lew – microscope – cells and adam • Boyle – matter is composed of tiny particles • Ves – anatomy book and basic components of human anatomy • Ambrose – artificial limbs • Havey – circulation of blood described for the first time • Problem solving through experimentation and observation • Descartes/ Bacon = develops the Scientific method • Why was it a Revolution: turning point = the introduction of a heliocentric universe, long lasting impact = most technology is developed using the Scientific Method (continues today)

10. Question 9 • Scientific Method – • Skepticism – questioning everything (traditions and older theories) • Bacon and Descartes – devoted their lives to developing the Scientific Method • Steps • Stating the problem • Gather information • Form a theory • Experiment • Gather Data • Come to a conclusion • Share your data