Age of Exploration Chapter 4

1. Age of ExplorationChapter 4 Europe and the Far East

2. Map Activity Use the map on page 121 to draw the routes for each of the following explores. You must create a map key and label and color all of continents and oceans. Locations: Label and color the following areas. The 7 continents Label the oceans Caribbean islands Mexico Peru FL Canada Jamestown Mississippi River Valley St. Lawrence river • Magellan (1519) • Columbus (1492) • Cabot (1497) • Mayflower (1620) • Vespucci (1499) • Ponce de Leon (1512-13) • Hudson (1609 and 1610) • Verrazano (1524) • Cartier ( 1534-35)

3. Timeline Activity Using the information provided create a timeline of the major events that took place during the Age of Exploration. Your timeline must include the following: Title Date of event Explorer Country Area claimed A minimum of five pictures Color

4. Why Explore???????? • Crusades and journeys of Marco Polo exposed Europeans to new technologies, products, and culture • Spices=nutmeg, cinnamon, ginger, pepper • Silk • Opium=medicinal and “recreational” use

5. Why Explore???????? • The new products offered the opportunity to make money • Products expensive in Europe due to control of trade routes by Muslim “middle men”

6. Prices Under Muslim/Italian Trade Domination Spices and other Luxury Goods Muslims $ Italian Merchants $$ European Merchants $$$ European Consumers $$$$ Portugal Prices Cut to 1/5th

7. Why Explore???????? • Religion • Power struggle in Europe between Catholics / Protestants • Both churches want to spread their influence and obtain converts • Jesuits – specially trained Catholic priests to combat spread of Protestantism

8. Why Explore???????? • Science • Sailing technology and navigation made it possible • Astrolabe – instrument to guide sailors with stars • Caravel – triangular sail • Curiosity and questioning of scientific theories

9. Leaders in Early Exploration P O R T U G A L Portugal and Spain SPAIN

10. The Portuguese • Prince Henry • Son of Portuguese King • Dazzled by dreams of ocean exploration and East Asia • Established a navigation school • Portuguese survival based on it’s ability to trade - OCEAN

11. The Portuguese • Vasco de Gama • First to sail around Africa to India (27,000 mi)

12. The Spanish • Spain jealous of Portugal’s achievements (rivals) • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

13. Explores and the New World • Columbus: • Made several voyages to what he thought was Asia • Claimed many Caribbean Islands for Spain which were intended to become colonies. • Amerigo Vespucci: • 1501- claimed the land found by Columbus was not Asia, but a “new” world. • 1507- The “new” world is named America after him.

14. Treaty of Tordesillas

15. Magellan • Spain • 1522: first person to circumnavigate the globe • Took 3 years • He died before they returned • Only 18 out of 250 men lived

16. Cortes and the Conquistadors • 1519: Cortes lands in Mexico. • Began to explore mainland America • Conquered the Aztec and took their Gold and silver • Superior weapons • Disease- Measles, mumps, smallpox and typhus.

17. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

18. Pizarro • 1533: he brought a group of 200 men who over took 30,000 Incas. • Killed their leader Atahualpa • Took the Inca capital of Cuzco

19. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

20. Spanish culture in the Americas • The Spanish lived amongst the natives and imposed their culture upon them. • Mestizo: mixed Spanish and native • Religion: converted people to the Roman Catholic faith, often by force • Society: developed a strict hierarchical social structure based on faith and on their government in Spain

21. Spanish culture in the Americas • Politics: governed in name of the King • Economy: • Established encomiendas- natives were forced to labor on the land under Spanish rulers • Found gold and silver • The wealth of South America makes Spain a world power.

22. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

23. Spanish expansion into North America • Spain began to explore more areas in what would become Southwest and southeast US. • Juan Ponce de Leon founded Florida. • Spanish traveled north of Mexico (Southwest territory in the US now) in hopes of finding more silver/gold and to convert more natives. • The named the area New Mexico.

24. Portugal and Brazil • Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500. • They found little gold and silver • Grew sugar cane on huge plantations • High demand for sugar in Europe led to big profits for Portugal.

25. French Explorers: • Giovanni da Verrazano • 1524 • Discovered NY harbor • Jacques Cartier • 1534 • Eastern coast of Canada and St. Lawrence river

26. French Explorers • Sieur de La Salle • 1682 • Explores Mississippi river valley • Claims the river valley for France • Named Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV • Samuel de Champlain • 1608 • Sails up St. Lawrence river • Founded Quebec • Base of France’s colonial empire New France

27. New France • By the early 1700s New France covers most of Midwestern US and eastern Canada • Huge empire, but sparsely populated • Main economic activity: fur trade

28. French Culture in the Americas • Religion: The French missionaries tried to convert natives to Catholicism but unlike the Spanish, they did not do it by force. • Society: The French had a mostly positive relationship with the Indians. • The French did bring over their hierarchical society.

29. English Arrive in North America • Jamestown • Est. 1607 by London investors who had received a charter from King James • During the 1st few years, 7 out of 10 died • 1st permanent English settlement • Found brown gold=tobacco

30. New England • Pilgrims • 1620 in Plymouth, MA • Sought religious freedom • Mayflower Compact and 1st Thanksgiving • Puritans • “purify” the Anglican church • Came seeking religious freedom • MA bay colony • “City upon a hill”

31. English and Native relations • Unlike the French and the Dutch, The English did not have good relations with the Native Americans. • As English settlers pushed for more land and the spread of Christianity, war broke out between themselves and the Natives. • King Philip’s war: Metacom vs. English

32. Population of the New England Colonies

33. New Netherland • Henry Hudson • 1609 & 1610 • Discovers 3 waterways  Hudson river, Hudson, Bay and Hudson strait • Claimed the area for the Dutch, name it new Netherland • Set up fur trade posts also had a mostly a positive relationship with the Natives

34. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

35. The fight for the Americas • English battle for colonial supremacy in North America • English vs. Dutch • 1664, English decided to send the Duke of York to New Netherlands because they disliked that the Dutch colony separated their English colonies • Dutch surrender and the colony was renamed New York • English vs. French • French and Indian war (aka Seven years’ war) • British defeat the French in 1763 • British now controls eastern half of North America

37. Colonial Advertisement Activity • Using a piece of poster board, please create an advertisement for one of the colonial regions: • New Spain, New France, New England, Jamestown or brazil. • The point of your advertisement is to show what the new colonial area has to offer and to convince settlers to move to the area. • The more creative the better! • Use your notes to help!

38. History of Slavery in Africa • Slavery had existed in Africa for centuries, yet it was minor • In 600, Muslims began import slaves to Muslim controlled North Africa and Southwest Asia • In Africa and Muslim societies though slaves had some legal rights and were able to break their bondage.

39. Atlantic Slave Trade • Sugar and tobacco plantations required large amounts of workers • Europeans had planned on using Native Americans but many had died from disease and war. • Europeans looked to Africa for cheap labor: • Africans had already been exposed to European disease and had immunity • Experienced in farming • Less likely to escape

41. The Middle Passage • Middle passage—middle leg of transatlantic trade, transports slaves • 20% or more of Africans on ship die from disease, abuse, suicide.

42. “Coffin” Position Below Deck Slave Ship

43. Onboard the Slave Ship

44. Letter Writing Activity • Write a letter as if you are an African on a slave ship. You are trying to tell the king of a European country about the atrocities of slavery. In your letter you will need to make a case for ending slave trade by describing the horrors of the Middle Passage, explaining the immorality of slave trade, and the impact on African communities.

45. Effects of Exploration • Columbian Exchange • Transfer of goods: foods plants animals • Spread of Disease • Smallpox • Spread of Slavery

46. Smallpox

48. The “Columbian Exchange”

49. Triangle of Trade

50. Global Trade • The establishment of colonies allowed for European countries to accumulate great wealth + dramatic growth in oversea trade • This led to great changes in economics and business: • Rise of new economic system: capitalism • Economic system based on private ownership and investment of resources • Rise in inflation • Rise in prices