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Understanding Computer Programming Languages and Software Types

This chapter explores the fundamental concepts of computer programming languages and their roles in business software. It discusses various types of programming languages, including machine, assembly, procedural, fourth-generation, and object-oriented languages, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it differentiates between application software, tailored applications, and packaged software, emphasizing the importance of operating systems in managing computer resources and facilitating user interactions. Understanding these concepts is vital for effective software development and implementation in business settings.

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Understanding Computer Programming Languages and Software Types

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  1. Chapter 5Information Systemsin BusinessSoftware

  2. Software:Instructions to the Computer • A computer programis a series of instructions to a computer to execute any and all processes. • Computers only “understand” instructions consisting of electrical signals alternating between two states.

  3. Programming Languages • Programming languages • Abbreviated forms of instructions that translate into machine language • New programming languages make programming easierfor people who are not necessarily hardware experts

  4. Machine Languages (ML) • Only languages computers can directly interpret to carry out instructions • ML coding: time-consuming and error-prone • ML programmers: concerned with hardware details • Every computer or family of computers has its own ML; each is machine-dependent.

  5. Assembly Languages • More English-like; codes shorter than machine languages • Assembler translates into machine language • Advantages of machine or assembly languages • Programmer in control of hardware • Programs written in low-level languages run more efficiently.

  6. Procedural Languages • Third-generation (procedural) languages are more English-like than assembly languages. • Relatively easy to learn, write, and debug. • FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC

  7. Fourth Generation Languages (4GL) • 4GLs are more English-like than procedural languages. • Easy to learn and use; shorter application development time. • PowerBuilder, FOCUS, NOMAD, and RAMIS

  8. Levels of programming Language: 9-17

  9. Visual Programming • Languages that let programmers create field windows, scroll-down menus, click buttons,etc., by choosing from a palette • Appropriate code written automatically • Accelerates work • Microsoft’s Visual Basic

  10. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) • Emphasis on the objects involved in the task, not on the procedure • An object encapsulates a data set with the code that is used to operate on it • Standardized programming modules can be reused

  11. Advantages of Object-Oriented Programming over Procedural Languages

  12. Advantages and disadvantages of higher-level programming languages

  13. Application Software vs. System Software • Application:a program developed to address a specific business need; software for development of such programs. • System:programs designed to carry out general routine operations, such as loading, copying, or deleting a file.

  14. Application Software • Custom-Designed Applications • Advantages: • Meeting the organization’s needs exactly • In-house developers are sensitive to the organizational culture • Disadvantages: • High cost • Production schedule subject to long delays • Incompatible with other organizations’ systems

  15. Advantages and disadvantages of tailored applications

  16. Packaged Software • Advantages: • Low cost • High quality • Vendor support • Immediate availability • Often tested at user sites(alpha sites and beta sites)before the final version is released

  17. Advantages and disadvantages of packaged software

  18. System Software • Manages computer resources and performs routine tasks not specific to any application • Copying and pasting sections and files • Printing documents • Allocating memory • Developed to partner with application software

  19. Operating Systems (O/S) • Most important system software • Developed for a certain microprocessor or microprocessors • Plays the role of “traffic cop” or the “boss” of computer resources

  20. The operating system mediates between applications and the computer, and controls peripheral devices.

  21. Operating System Functions • Systems Management • User Interface • Memory Allocation • Multitasking, Multiprogramming, and Multiprocessing • Times and Statistics • Increasing Services from O/Ss

  22. 32-bit operating system; GUI; Multitasking. Networking Windows 98 & 95 Windows NT Me, 2000&XP 32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking; Multiprocessing; Networking Windows CE Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices 32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking; Networking OS/2 MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES

  23. MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES For powerful Microcomputers, Workstations, Minicomputers. Multitasking; Multi-user Processing; Networking. Portable to various Computer Platforms Unix Linux Free, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs on many Platforms Mac OS For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful Graphics; Multimedia DOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program Memory: 640K

  24. Popular Operating System

  25. Compilers and Interpreters • Compiler • Scans source code and translates into object code • Generates error message and does not compile when an error is found • Allows users to save programs in object code • Interpreter • Checks one statement at a time • Changes error-free statements into ML • Generates an error message for errors

  26. Data Communication Programs • Controls and supports data communication activities in a network • Setting up rules that govern transmission and reception of data • Connecting and disconnecting communication links • Assigning priorities among terminals in a network • Detecting and correcting transmission errors

  27. Proprietary vs. Open Source • Proprietary O/S: limited to using applications compatible with it • Open O/S:compatible with virtually all applications. • Completely open O/S does not exist • Some O/Ss (e.g., Unix) are said to be nonproprietary, but it is still impossible to run many applications on different versions of such O/Ss.

  28. Sample results of software evaluation (5 is the highest score.)

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