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The Rise and Fall of the Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan to the Yuan Dynasty

The Mongol Empire, founded by Genghis Khan, was one of the largest empires in history, expanding rapidly until Khan's death in 1227. His successors continued this expansion, but power struggles following Ogedei Khan's death led to fragmentation into four Khanates. Although the Mongols lacked a rich cultural heritage, they adapted the customs of conquered peoples, notably Islam in the Ilkhanate and Chinese practices in the Yuan Dynasty established by Kublai Khan. Intrigue and rebellion ultimately weakened the Yuan government, showcasing the empire's complex legacy.

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The Rise and Fall of the Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan to the Yuan Dynasty

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  1. Mongols • Genghis Khan conquered the other tribes • Expanded his Empire until he died in 1227 • Successors continued to expand • Power struggles after his son Ogedei died cause empire to split apart - Different descendents all claimed legitimacy - Four separate “Khanates” - Really four separate Empires

  2. Adaptation of Culture • Mongols had very little history of scholarship or “high culture” - No art - No literature - No scientific knowledge • Adopted the cultures of their subject peoples - IlKhanate converted to Islam - Great Khanate imitated Song Culture

  3. Yuan Dynasty • Formed by Kublai Khan and was also termed the “Empire of the Great Khan” - Proclaimed after he conquered the Song • Kublai Khan claimed the mandate of heaven • Genghis Khan entered retroactively as the founder (called Taizu)

  4. Yuan Dynasty • Used Chinese style bureaucracy and built a palace • Much technology and scholarship from the Tang and Song Continued to develop • European traveler Marco Polo wrote about his visit • Other Mongols came to see the Yuan as too Chinese • Political intrigue weakened government • Driven out by rebellions

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