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1450 - 1648 Key Concept 1.2

1450 - 1648 Key Concept 1.2. The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralization. Political Trends of this era: 1. From decentralized power and authority towards centralization. Examples: England, France and Spain

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1450 - 1648 Key Concept 1.2

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  1. 1450 - 1648Key Concept 1.2 • The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralization. Political Trends of this era: 1. From decentralized power and authority towards centralization. Examples: England, France and Spain 2. From a political elite consisting primarily of a hereditary landed nobility toward one open to men distinguished by their education, skills and wealth Examples: Italy, England and France 3. From religious toward secular norms of law and justice Examples: Italy

  2. How new technology helped monarchs centralize their power: The Military Revolution Military Revolution 1560 - 1660 By Michael Roberts (1967) Before After: New Armies: muskets reliance on the infantry firearms artillery units mobile cannons more elaborate fortifications more expensive conscription professional, trained armies monarchs were now capable of raising taxes monarchs were now able to create bureaucracies in order to fund and maintain a standing army monarchs were now able to create legal courts • Medieval Armies: • reliance on mounted knights • castles and lords • lances and crossbows and longbows

  3. Strategies used by monarchs to centralized their power Power of taxation, war and law. • Secure the collection of taxes - taxation • Control the aristocracy - France “nobles of the robe” • Codify the laws and create courts - the Start Chamber in England • Create bureaucracies or government agencies to implement royal authority • Control religion and religious leaders Rule without representative assemblies: the Cortes, Estates-General, Parliament

  4. New monarchs of the 1450s and the centralization of states: • England - War of the Roses - Tudor Dynasty (1485 -1603) Henry VII, created a royal council and royal court (no jury) that met in the Star Chamber, Henry VIII (Church of England), • Spain - Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon (1469) - Catholicism united the two kingdoms - crusades against Moors (Reconquista) - the Inquisition - Moriscos (Christians of Moorish background) Marranos (Christians of Jewish background) - Sephardic Jews - parliamentary assemblies - the Cortes - Castilian Cortes vs. monarchy regarding taxes, sponsored voyages to New World • France - Louis XI (Valois Dynasty) built royal army, silenced rebellious nobles - King Francis I - Concordat of Bologna with Pope Leo X (1516) - king to appoint his bishops and the clergy - the Gallican Church - a national clergy. King Francis I also established taxation with taille- direct tax and gabelle-- government salt monopoly

  5. Continuation of:New monarchs of the 1450s and the centralization of states: • Russia - Ivan III, “The Great” (1462-1505), Mongols, the “Third Rome”, creates the streltsy, a military service class. • Russia - Ivan IV “The Terrible” (1547 - 1584) goes after boyars (nobles), expands Russian territory Theorists supporting the rise of strong rulers: Marsilius of Padua - secular rulers above religious rulers,separation of church and state Machiavelli - rulers were not bound by moral laws Jean Bodin - a politique, also wrote about a sovereign having unlimited and indivisible power

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