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DEVELOPMENT OF ARTICULATION AND PHONOLOGY SKILLS. I. DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS. A. Introduction. II. INFANT SPEECH PRODUCTION. Owens, Metz, & Farinella 2011:. Owens, Metz, & Farinella, 2011: (continued). III. TRANSITION PERIOD. IV. FIRST REAL WORDS: MEANINGFUL SPEECH.
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I. DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS • A. Introduction
V. SOUND SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT** • A. Single Phonemes • 1. Cross-sectional studies • Age of development: 50% of children produce sound accurately • Age of mastery: 75-90% of children produce sound accurately • By 3:0 years: /h, w, m, n, b, p, f/ • By 4:0 years: /d, t, k, g, ng j/ • By 6:0 years: /l, dj, ch, sh, v/ • By 8:0 years: everything! • 2. Longitudinal studies
VI. COMMON ERRORS • A. Liquids • B. Nasals
G. Consonant Clusters** • Obstruents: stops, fricatives, affricates (everything except glides, liquids, and nasals) • ***usually clusters are reduced to the obstruent*** • Obstruent + /w/ clusters reduced to the obstruent • tin/twin kak/quack • Obstruent + /l/ clusters reduced to the obstruent • Fing/fling gad/glad
VII. INTELLIGIBILITY OF SPEECH • (please memo for test; chart p. 187)
VIII. NORMAL DEVELOPMENT: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES** • Researchers have boiled this down to processes disappearing and persisting after 3 years of age • This helps us know what to treat in therapy and what not to worry about
Justice, Gillon, & Schuele, 2009 Phonological awareness: Description, assessment, and intervention