3. Not well-integrated Culturally heterogeneous Full of seams Constantly changing Inequitable Uneven

4. Reference • Walsham, G. (2008) ‘ICTs and global working in a non-flat world’ in Information Technology in the Service Economy: Challenges and Possibilities for the 21st Century, edited by M. Barrett, E. Davidson, C. Middleton and J.L. DeGross, Springer, New York, pp 13-25.

5. Three areas of ICTs and global working in a non-flat world • Global software outsourcing • Global IS roll-out • Global virtual teams

6. Global software outsourcing

7. Global software outsourcing • Complex cross-cultural relationships [Krishna, Walsham and Sahay 2004] • Issues of power and control [Sahay, Nicholson and Krishna 2003] • Tensions of identity for Indian software workers [D’Mello 2005, 2006]

8. Global IS roll-out

9. Global IS roll-out • Issues of local relevance, cultural fit, language etc [Joshi, Barrett, Walsham and Cappleman 2007] • Pragmatic balance between universal standards and local specificity [Rolland and Monteiro 2002] • ERP made to fit by generification work [Pollock, Williams and D’Adderio 2007], but who benefits from this and what effects does it have?

10. Global virtual teams

11. Global virtual teams • Wide team diversity - task/culture/language/IT proficiency [Dubé & Paré 2001] • Team conflict [Kankanhalli 2007] • ‘Clear lack of coherent theoretical development and systematic empirical investigation’ [Tan 2007]

12. Themes for future research agenda • Identity and cross-cultural working • Globalization, localization and standardization • Power, knowledge and control

13. Future research: Identity and cross-cultural working • Widened geographical scope – outsourcing to China, IS roll-out in Nigeria or global virtual team members in Brazil [Ailon-Souday and Kunda 2003] • Heterogeneity within countries – different social groups, diasporas [Miscione 2007] • Sociology of mobilities [D’Mello and Sahay 2007]

14. Future research:Globalization, localization and standardization • Knowledge sharing in global organizations supported by IT [Pan and Leidner 2003] • Generification of software packages across developing countries e.g. in health IS [Braa et al 2007] • Global working and Web 2.0 technologies [Jagun et al 2007]

16. Future research:Power, knowledge and control • Power relations in global outsourcing relationships [Sahay et al 2003] • Who controls generification processes and whose interests are served? [Adam and Myers 2003] • Silent voices and networks of the powerful e.g. who is marginalised by global IT-based networks [Thompson 2004]

17. Conclusions • Existing literature on ICTs and global working in our non-flat world is quite limited • Future work needs to connect better to other relevant literatures and disciplines e.g. identity, culture, globalization, development • But exciting opportunity for IS researchers to make a significant contribution