Calvin and Hobbes

1. Calvin and Hobbes On Direct and Reported Speech Transformations

2. Form and Punctuation of Direct Speech • Put “he said,” etc. before, in the middle, or after the quote. • Place commas, periods, question marks, and exclamation points before the closing quotation mark. He said, “I live in Parañaque.” “I will give Jack a call,” he said. “Where is the supermarket?” he asked.

3. Other verbs you may use to quote statements(Use them wisely!)

4. Direct-Indirect Pronoun Change • Depending on the context of the sentence, we change “I” to “he” or “she,”“we” to “them,” etc. • We usually change first-person personal pronouns (I, we) to third person (he, she, they). He said, “I live in Parañaque.” He said that he lived in Parañaque.

5. Direct-Indirect Tense Change • If your verb is in the past tense (“he said”), you must change the present tense verbs inside the quote to past tense. • For known facts (such as, “The sun is round”), you always use the present tense. He said, “I live in Parañaque.” He said that helived in Parañaque. He said, “I am cooking dinner.” He said that he was cooking dinner.

6. Direct-Indirect Tense Change • If your verb is in the past tense (as in, “he said”), you must change the simple past tense verbs inside the quote to past perfect tense, since you are talking about an event which had happened before another past action (“said”). He said, “I went to Tagaytay last week.” He said that he had gone to Tagaytay the weekend before.

7. Direct-Indirect Tense Change • If your verb is in the past tense (as in, “he said”), you must change the simple past tense verbs inside the quote to past perfect tense, since you are talking about an event which had happened before another past action (“said”). He said, “I went to Tagaytay last week.” He said that he had gone to Tagaytay the weekend before.

8. Direct-Indirect Modal Change When there is a modal inside a quote... • will becomes would • shallbecomes should • can becomes could • must becomes had to • maybecomes might He said, “I may buy a new car.” He said that he might buy a new car.

9. Direct-Indirect Pronoun Change • If there are demonstrative pronouns (such as this, that, these and those) in a quote, and you want to change direct to indirect speech, make sure your reader still understands what your speaker is referring to. “I need to finish this movie,” he said. He said that he needed to finish the movie he was watching.

10. Direct-Indirect Time Signifier Change • If there are time elements in a quote, you must change it to fit the time of the reporting. “I’m going to school tomorrow,” he said. He said that he was going to school the next day.

11. Time Signifier Change

12. Reported Questions • When reporting questions, instead of that, use where, what, when, which, howto indicate a question asked. “What time is it?” he asked. He asked what time it was.

13. Reported Questions • Use ifor whether to indicate a question answerable by yes or no. “Have you eaten?”he asked the girl. He asked the girl if she had eaten.

14. Reported Questions He asked the girl if she had eaten. REMEMBER! The order of the pronoun and the verb in a quoted question interchanges when changed to reported speech! “Have you eaten?” he asked the girl.

15. Reported Commands and Requests • When reporting commands or requests, instead of using that, use the infinitive to+verbinstead. “Practice CLAYGO,” he reminded the students. He reminded the students to practice CLAYGO.

16. Your checklist for direct to reported speech transformation (and vice versa) • word that introduces the reported quote (that, where, why, if, whether, to+verb, etc.) • change in verb tense • change in pronouns • change in modals • change in demonstrative pronouns (this, that, those, these, etc.) • change in time signifiers

18. Exercise 2. Calvin and Hobbes