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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1 Chapter 7 – instructor version

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1 Chapter 7 – instructor version. ALKENES and CYCLOALKENES Formulas & naming Bonding & molecular structure Physical & chemical properties Preparation & use Elimination rxn : E1 and E2. Based on Organic Chemistry, by L.G. Wade, 7 th ed ; Ch. 7

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1 Chapter 7 – instructor version

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  1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1 Chapter 7 – instructor version • ALKENES and CYCLOALKENES • Formulas & naming • Bonding & molecular structure • Physical & chemical properties • Preparation & use • Elimination rxn: E1 and E2 Based on Organic Chemistry, by L.G. Wade, 7thed; Ch. 7 Prepared by: Dr. Peter Ilich, St. John’s University Queens, New York, Spring 2012

  2. [7.1 & 7.4] Definition & naming: - An alkEne has one or more pairs of doubly bonded carbon atoms, C=C, in its skeleton formula: name: ethene (ethylene) H2C=CH2 H2C=CH2-CH3 propene butene H2C=CH2-CH2-CH3 (or 1-butene) But – watch: H3C-CH2=CH2-CH3 2-butene

  3. [7.4] Alkene naming - practice formula: name: H2C=CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentene (1-pentene) CH3CH2=CH2CH2CH3 2-pentene C atom # 2 CH3-CH2-CH2-H2C=CH2-CH2-CH3 3-heptene C atom # 3, not # 4

  4. [7.4] Naming alkenes – more practice: Name this compound: Formula, condensed: Expand it: Or draw the C-skeleton: 2, not 4 5 Label the position of double bond (smallest number, 2), identify the substituent group and label its position (5): 5-methyl-2-hexene (“old” IUPAC) (or, new IUPAC: 5-methylhex-2-ene)

  5. [7.4] The rules for naming alkenes; - Longest chain – the amended rule Name this alkene: 1st – expand it: Not the longest chain, but the longest (and most branched) chain which contains all C=C 1 2 2nd - label the C-skeleton: No! 5 1 3 6 2-butyl-3-methylhex-1-ene 9 6

  6. [7.4] Alkene naming continued: What do you name alkenes with 2 or more C=C? 1,3-pentadiene Name it: 1,3-pentadiene Name this: 1,3,7-octatriene But not: 1,2-butadiene Note: 1,3-butadiene Allene is not a diene; it is not even an alkene Make a note: Allene

  7. [7.4] Alkene naming – cycloalkenes Formula 1: Formula 2: Name 2: 1,4-cycloheptadiene cyclopropene Name 1: methylene- methyl- Radical group naming: 1-methylene-3-methylcyclopentane 3º C not a 2º C Make a note: No designation of alkene C-atoms as 1º, 2º, 3º, & 4º, as in alkanes 2º C not a 4º C not a 3º C 4º C

  8. [7.4] Alkene naming – practice: (A) (B) (C)

  9. [7.2] Ethene electronic structure & geometry:

  10. [7.2] El. structure & geo – comparison with alkanes

  11. [7.7] Heats of hydrogenation, ΔHH2º - Terminal vs. central C=C bond ΔHH2º [kJ mol-1] -113 2-methylbutane 3-methyl-1-butene -127 2-methylbutane 2-methyl-2-butene NOTE: The lower (more negative) the ΔHH2º number the less stable the alkene.

  12. ΔHH2º of alkenes – what do they mean? - Think of standard heats of formation, ΔHfº ΔHfº H2(gas), C(soot) = 0 kJ mol-1 [Ch. 7, JBS 6th ed.] E N E R G Y less stable more stable -127 kJ -113 kJ [ΔHfº (2-MeBu)= -182 kJ mol-1]

  13. [7.2] Bonding & molecular properties of alkenes Alkene substitution & stability LESS STABLE MORE STABLE MOST STABLE And – the “take-home message” is: The more substituted (or the fewer H atoms there are on) the C=C atoms the more stable the alkene.

  14. [7.5] Alkenes – 2-D structure & isomerism - The C=C part of an alkene is confined and locked into a plane: ΔE = +264 kJ/mol You may not twist an alkene – like, for example, an ethane molecule, which twists ~ 1014 times a second at room temperature – unless you “pay” 264 kJ/mol and break the π – bond. As a consequence, alkenes exist as 2-D isomers, as “E” (Germ., entgegen = oposite) and “Z” (Germ., zusamen = together) forms

  15. C,C bond properties: alkenes vs.alkanes (2Z)-butene (2E)-butene butane, gauche- butane, anti-

  16. [7.5] Alkenes – 2-D stereochemistry - The cis-/trans-notation for 2-butene, CH3CH=CHCH3 2-D formula: trans-2-butene (methyls opposite) cis-2-butene (methyls together) 2-D formula: Practice: trans-2-pentene or (2E)-pentene

  17. [7.5] Alkene 2-D stereochemistry: - The cis-/trans- notation for alkenes is being replaced by E(trans)-/Z(cis)- notation: 1st: Expand the C=C fragment and dissect it vertically 2nd: Identify and rank the groups at left; use the Sequence Rule 3rd: Do the same for the groups at right 4th: Compare the positions of the first-ranked groups: (Z)- for the same, (E)- for the opposite 5th: Name the compound: (Z)-3-chloropent-2-ene

  18. [7.5] Alkene 2-D stereo – practice Formula: Partial name, specify E/Z: 3-methyl-(3 )-hexene 5-methyl-(2 ,4 )-heptadiene 5-methyl-(1 ,3 )-cycloheptadiene (1 ,3 )-decadiene

  19. (A) Biologically important E-/Z-stereomers: Oleic acid C18:1(9c) & C18:1(9t) C18:1(9c) – cis-oleic acid, the common form of oleic acid which can be metabolized: C18:1(9t) – trans-oleic acid: industrially prepared form of oleic acid (through partial hydrogenation); cannot be metabolized and forms insoluble deposits in blood vessels:

  20. (B) Human/vertebrate visual pigment – retinal (retinimine) The retinal C11cis- to trans-isomerization is the physical-chemical basis of our ability to see light The experimentally determined structure of (Rhod)opsin [Palczewski et al., Science, 289, Issue 5480, 739-745]

  21. Impact of light on rhodopsin in our retinas induces retinal-opsin to isomerize at C11 from cis- to trans-form: Trans-retinal separates from the opsin protein and this event triggers within 10-3 [s] a cascade of signals:

  22. And – this is how you see:

  23. [7.8] Macroscopic physical properties of alkenes - Lower alkenes (C2 to C5) are gases @ R.T. - Boiling point increases with C- number • Boiling point within the same size alkenes • decreases with branching (same as alkanes) • Less dense than water (Gulf oil slick!); mixes poorly or not at all with water • More polarizable – C=C bond – than alkanes; induced dipole – induced dipole interactions: • they become slightly dipolar in electric field

  24. [7.9] Preparation of alkenes: - By elimination reactions - Examples: - E1 elimination of alkyl alcohols - E1 elimination of haloalkanes - E2 elimination of haloalkanes - Other elimination reactions

  25. [7.9] Preparation of alkene by elimination; E1 dehydration rxn of alcohols, recapitulation: Acidification & loss of water; note Δ: Carbocation rearrangement (if possible): β-elimination; Zaytsevregioselectivity:

  26. [4] Preparation of alkenes by E2 rxn: E2 elimination of haloalkanes: Substrate: usually hindered Reagent: very strong, bulky base Reaction flow: concerted Transition state: concerted reaction Stereochemistry: anti- and syn-periplanar

  27. [4] Preparation of alkenes by E2 reactions Example:

  28. E2 – continued: When nucleophile, Nu, in an SN2 reaction is also a strong Broensted base, it can lead to a concerted elimination, or the so-called E2 reaction, with the following mechanism: Reaction type: ELIMINATION, E RXN rate = krate * [substrate]*[base] =2nd order, E2

  29. Regiochemistry (where it occurs) of E2 reactions: Zaytsev, E1 (E2) more stable Hoffmann, E2 less stable Make a note - similarities & differences:

  30. Elimination regioselectivity: Zaytsev Hoffmann

  31. E2stereoselectivity – the definition:

  32. E2 substrate stereochemistry – another view:

  33. E2 – the substrate & the product stereochemistry meso-1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane (E)-1-Bromo-1,2-diphenylethene

  34. E2 – stereoselectivity (Important!): Practice: Good E2 geometry: Bad E2 geometry:

  35. E2 practice: complete the reaction & name the product:

  36. Summary of Ch. 7 – what have we learned today?

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