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Taksonomi Tumbuhan

Taksonomi Tumbuhan. Introduction. Taxonomy is the science of classifying and identifying plants. Scientific names are necessary because the same common name is used for different plants in different areas of the world. Latin is the language used for scientific classification.

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Taksonomi Tumbuhan

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  1. Taksonomi Tumbuhan KRT-2010

  2. Introduction Taxonomy is the science of classifying and identifying plants. Scientific names are necessary because the same common name is used for different plants in different areas of the world. Latin is the language used for scientific classification. KRT-2010

  3. Karl von Linne (1707-1778) Swedish botanist Developed binomial classification scheme for plants. Uses two Latin words to indicate the genus and the species. Changed his name to the Latin name of Carolus Linnaeus. KRT-2010

  4. Scientific Names The first word is the genus and the second word is the species. If there are additional words, they indicate the variety or cultivar. KRT-2010

  5. Scientific Classification KRT-2010

  6. Names and Terms • Division: The major category is called a division and is equivalent to Phylum in the animal kingdom Division names endings indicate plants (-phyta) and fungi (-mycota) • Class  Monocotyledoneae & Dicotyledoneae • Order  (-ales) • Family  (-aceae) • Genus & Species KRT-2010

  7. Family Biologists classify living organisms by their relatedness. The basic categories are: Kingdom Division (Phylum for animals) Class Order Family Genus Species Increasing degree of specificity – towards a single, definable, named species. KRT-2010

  8. An example of phylogentic classification(Joran Viers-Basic Botany) • Kingdom=Plantae; Organisms that usually have rigid cell walls and usually possess chlorophyll. • Subkingdom=Embryophyta; Plants forming embryos. • Phylum=Tracheophyta; Vascular plants. • Subphylum=Pterophytina; Generally large, conspicuous leaves, complex vascular system. • Class=Angiospermae; Flowering plants, seed enclosed in ovary. • Subclass=Dicotyledoneae; Embryo with two seed leaves. • Order=Sapindales; Soapberry order consisting of a number of trees and shrubs. • Family=Aceraceae; Maple family. • Genus=Acer; Maples and box elder. • Species=Acer rubrum; Red maple. KRT-2010

  9. Divisions • The four most important divisions of the plant kingdom are…. • Thallophyta  Algae dan Fungi • Bryophyta • Pteridophyta • Spermatophyta KRT-2010

  10. Spermatophyta • Includes flowering or seed-bearing plants. • The two subdivisions are…. • Gymnosperms • Angiosperms KRT-2010

  11. salah satu cabang ilmu botani yang mempelajari pengelompokan tumbuhan.  Kata Taksonomi berasal dari Bahasa Yunani yaitu taxis yang berarti susunan dan penataan dan nomos yang berarti hukum atau aturan. KRT-2010

  12. Lawrence (1969) mendefinisikannya sebagai studi yang meliputi identifikasi, tatanama (nomenclature) dan klasifikasi dari suatu obyek Ilmu taksonomi modern : mencakup studi tentang hubungan kekerabatan antar spesies (filogenetik) maupun proses-proses evolusi yang terkait (misalnya hibridisasi, variasi dalam populasi dan asal muasal suatu jenis). KRT-2010

  13. Ada 4 komponen dasar dalam Taksonomi : 1. Klasifikasi: penyusunan kelompok-kelompok tumbuhan ke dalam suatu tingkatan taksonomi berdasarkan sifat-sifat tertentu. 2. Identifikasi, yaitu determinasi suatu nama untuk suatu spesies. 3. Deskripsi, adalah penjabaran karakter-karakter atau ciri-ciri suatu spesies. Biasanya digunakan untuk membedakan antara suatu spesies dengan spesies lainnya 4. Tatanama (Nomenclature), suatu sistem aturan yang jelas dan bersifat universal yang digunakan oleh semua ahli botani di dunia untuk menamakan tumbuhan yang tertuang dalam Kode Internasional untuk Tatanama Tumbuhan (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, ICBN). KRT-2010

  14.  Sistem klasifikasi dalam taksonomi tumbuhan: • sistem klasifikasi alam atau sistem klasifikasi filogenetik dan sistem klasifikasi buatan (berdasarkan habitat) • Sistem klasifikasi yang tinjauannya didasarkan modifikasi dari sistem yang telah ada dengan penambahan data yang baru, disebut sistem kontemporer. *Identifikasi tumbuhan adalah menentukan namanya yang benar dan tempatnya yang tepat dalam sistem klasifikasi KRT-2010

  15. Classification - 5 kingdoms (Whittaker, 1969) Prokaryotae or Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animaliae Classification - 3 kingdoms or domains (Woese, 1978) Eubacteria - true bacteria Archaebacteria - ancient bacteria Eukaryotes - protists, fungi, plants, animals Viruses???? KRT-2010

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  18. Prokaryotes come in a variety of shapes • Cocci – spherical come in clusters (staphylococci) or chains ( streptococci) • Bacilli – rod shaped • Curved or spiral shaped (syphillus, a spirochete is an example) KRT-2010

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  20. Archaea thrive in extreme environments • Can survive in very salty places. Salt water 3%, thrive at 15-20% • Live in water above 100 degrees C • Live in acid pools • Live in anaerobic environments KRT-2010

  21. Structural adaptations • Bacteria and archaea have flagella to move about • Pili help stick to surfaces • Bacteria can form an endospore to survive harsh conditions (anthrax and botulism) • Filaments on actinomycetes allow organism to bridge dry gaps between soil particles KRT-2010

  22. Bacteria • Bacteria have been on the Earth for millions of years.  It wasn't until the late 1600s that scientists discovered bacteria.  In fact, bacteria were discovered by accident. KRT-2010

  23. Anton van Leeuwenhoek accidentally noticed them while looking at scrapings from his teeth through a very simple microscope.  He did not know what they were, but he was essentially the first person to see bacteria. KRT-2010

  24. Bacteria are very small – smaller than most animal cells • They can be rod shaped, • spherical • or spiral KRT-2010

  25. These bacteria are all around us in the environment KRT-2010

  26. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology - 2nd ed Vol. 1 Archae & Deeply Branching & Phototrophic Bacteria Vol. 2 Proteobacteria Vol. 3 The Low G+C Gram-positive Bacteria Vol. 4 The High G+C Gram-positive Bacteria Vol. 5 The Planctomycetes, Spirochaetes, Fibrobacteria Bacteroidetes & Fusobacteria KRT-2010

  27. Archae - archaebacteria Diverse morphologically rods, cocci, spirilli, pleomorphic Gram- positive or Gram-negative Diverse metabolically aerobes, facultative anaerobes, strict anaerobes inorganic to organic electron sources psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles ether-linked lipids some produce methane most thermophiles Cell wall Molecular - some characteristics like bacteria some characteristics like eukaryotes KRT-2010

  28. Prokaryotic cell Shapes: rod (bacillus, bacilli) sphere (coccus, cocci) spiral (spirillum, spirilli) pleomorphic Cell arrangement: single cell pairs (diplococcus) chains clusters KRT-2010

  29. Prokaryotic cell structure Capsule - external carbohydrate (protection, adhesion) KRT-2010

  30. Prokaryotic cell structure Capsule Flagellum -(motility; antigenic) KRT-2010

  31. Prokaryotic cell structure Capsule Flagellum Fimbria (fimbriae) &: Pilus (pili) - tubules (attachment; DNA transfer) Cell wall - mucopeptide (rigidity; protection) Gram-positive & Gram-negative Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Cell membrane - (permeability, transport) osmosis & osmotic pressure Cytoplasm KRT-2010

  32. Prokaryotic cell structure Capsule Flagellum Fimbria (fimbriae) & Pilus (pili) Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Endospore - hardy, resistant structure (survival) KRT-2010

  33. Prokaryotic Cells • Simplest organisms • Cytoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane and encased in a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan. • no distinct interior compartments • gram-positive – thick single layer wall that retains a violet dye from Gram stain procedure • gram-negative – multilayered wall does not retain dye • Susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics depends on cell wall structure. KRT-2010

  34. SPIROCHETES helical rods with axial filament motile habitat: mud to intestinal tract metabolism: chemoheterotrophs aerobic to anaerobic saprophytes to obligate parasites Treponema pallidum - syphillis T. partenue - yaws Borellia burgdorferi - Lyme disease Leptospira - leptospirosis KRT-2010

  35. HELICAL or VIBROID Gram-negative Bacteria helical to comma shaped rods Campylobacter fetus - spontaneous abortion C. jejuni - food-borne intestinal disease Helicobacter pylori - ulcers KRT-2010

  36. ANAEROBIC GRAM-NEGATIVE STRAIGHT, CURVED AND HELICAL RODS Bacteroides - peritonitis KRT-2010

  37. GRAM-NEGATIVE AEROBIC RODS AND COCCI Pseudomonadaceae Azotobacteriaceae Rhizobiaceae Legionellaceae Neisseriaceae Unknown affiliation: Brucella, Bordatella, Francisella KRT-2010

  38. FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC GRAM-NEGATIVE RODS Enterobacteriaceae EscherichiaSerratiaSalmonella Proteus Shigella Yersinia Klebsiella Vibrionaceae Vibrio Pasteurellaceae Pasteurella HemophilusUncertain affiliation Gardnerella KRT-2010

  39. RICKETTSIALES AND CHLAMYDIALES Gram-negative Obligate intracellular parasites Rickettsia insect vector Chlamydia sexually transmitted MYCOPLASMA no rigid wall - soft skin triple layered membrane pleomorphic Mycoplasma KRT-2010

  40. GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI Micrococcaceae Aerobic to facultatively anaerobic Single cell to irregular clusters Staphylococcus Streptococcaceae Anaerobic Pairs to chains “Lactic acid bacteria” Streptococcus KRT-2010

  41. ENDOSPORE -FORMING GRAM-POSITIVE RODS & COCCI Large rod shaped cells Grow in chains Produce hardy, resistant endospore Bacillus - aerobic Clostridium - anaerobic KRT-2010

  42. REGULAR NON-SPORING GRAM-POSITIVE RODS Lactobacillus Listeria IRREGULAR NON-SPORING GRAM-POSITIVE RODS cells pleomorphic: club-shaped, spindle-shaped, dumbells Corynebacterium Actinomyces KRT-2010

  43. MYCOBACTERIA Rod-shaped cells Aerobic Non-motile Waxy coat; don’t stain readily Acid-fast MycobacteriumM. tuberculosisM. leprae KRT-2010

  44. Some bacteria cause disease • Exotoxins – poisons secreted by bacteria (staphylococcus aureaus can cause toxic shock syndrome, also toxic strains of e. coli) • Endotoxins – poisonous glycolipid components of the cell wall of some bacteria. (salmonella – food poisoning or typhoid fever • Sanitation, antibiotics and education have stopped much fatality (e.g. Lyme disease) KRT-2010

  45. Most bacteria is not harmful • In fact, many are extremely beneficial. • They….. • flavor cheese and make yogurt • help us digest food • Treat sewage • Decompose dead plants and animals • Help create healthy soil for growing crops KRT-2010

  46. Prokaryotes help recycle chemicals and clean up the environment • Cyanobacteria can convert nitrogen gas to nitrogen compounds plants can use • Live on the roots of legumes and contribute nitrogen to the soil • Breakdown of organic wastes and dead organisms to chemicals other organisms can use • Decompose organic matter in sewage sludge to material that can be used as landfill or fertilizer • “oil-eating” bacteria • Accumulate metals from mine waters KRT-2010

  47. Rhizobium are symbiotic bacteria in root nodules Rhizobium fix nitrogen ( N2) into ammonium Rhizobium and plants are species specific Legumes are crops with Root nodules – Clover, peas, alfalfa KRT-2010

  48. Figure 37.10x Nodules KRT-2010

  49. Viruses • Viruses are the tiniest of the microorganisms KRT-2010

  50. Viruses • cannot reproduce without taking over a host cell • There is still discussion as to whether they are really living things • Some are helpful to us, others cause disease KRT-2010

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