1. Topic:- Genetically Modified Organisms History:- Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. The first genetically modified animal, a mouse, was created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch, and the first plant was produced in 1983. In 1994, the Flavr Savr tomato was released, the first commercialized genetically modified food. The first genetically modified animal to be commercialized was the GloFish (2003). Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are any organism, whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. They are used to produce medicines, genetically modified food and in scientific research. Genetically modified organisms made:- GMOs or genetically modified organisms are created by changing the genetic code of a plant or animal through genetic engineering.The selected genetic material is then inserted into seeds or newly fertilized eggs and some of the resulting plants or animals will grow with the new genes and the new characteristics. Examples of genetically modified varieties are:- 1) Golden Rice:- The rice variety (Oryza sativa) was modified with daffodil genes, which synthesize more beta- carotene in which our body converts to vitamin A.

2. 2) Flavr savr tomatoes:- It is the first commercially grown genetically modified food to be granted a license for human consumption. It is modified by adding an antisense gene to slow down the ripening process, thus preventing it from softening. 3) BT Maize:- Maize plant was modified with genes of a bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis to synthesize delta protein which is responsible for resistance against insects. As the insect eats the kernel, delta protein is activated in the gut that results in paralysis of the digestive system of the insect. The insect stops eating within a few hours and eventually starves. 4) Aquadvantage salmon:- Atlantic salmon modified by growth hormone-regulating gene from a Pacific chinook salmon. This gene increases the speed at which fish grows without affecting its size and other qualities in 16 to 18 months rather than 3 years. Other examples of genetically modified organisms include BT. cotton, an insect-resistant variety of cotton. Transgenic cows, for the production of human protein in the milk. Advantages of GMO include:-  More nutritious food  Tastier food  Less use of pesticides  Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life  Faster growing plants and animals

3.  Food with more desirable traits, such as potatoes that produce less of a cancer-causing substance when fried  Medicinal foods that could be used as vaccines or other medicines Disadvantages of GMOs:-  It can be dangerous to other insects that are important to our ecosystem.  It sparks concerns on changing the field of agriculture.  It can damage the environment.  It causes unwanted residual effects.  It can create more weeds.  It threatens crop diversity.  It has trade issues.