Aquatic Ecosystems

Aquatic Ecosystems Ch 7 & more

Aquatic Ecosystem Food Webs • plankton: tiny organisms that drift with the currents • basis of all aquatic ecosystems • Phytoplankton • Autotrophs • Algae • Zooplankton • Tiny animals or protozoa • Heterotrophs • Eat phytoplankton http://www.lhup.edu/smarvel/Seminar/FALL_2000/Picking/Picking.htm

Aquatic Ecosystem Food Webs • Nekton = Free-swimming organisms • Fish, turtles, etc. • Benthos = bottom-dwelling organisms • Mussels, worms, barnacles, etc • Often are attached to bottom surfaces • Decomposers

Freshwater vs. Saltwater Salinity = the amount of salt in water • Salt water = marine ecosystems • Coastal ecosystems • Estuaries • Salt marshes • Mangrove swamps • Barrier islands • Coral reefs • Open ocean • Freshwater = no salt • Ponds, lakes & rivers • Marshes and wetlands

Ponds and lakes • No current • Levels are divided horizontally • by amount of light • and proximity to shore • Littoral zone: (think light) • Lots of life • Near shore, rooted plants provide food • Off shore, phytoplankton are base • Benthic zone: Bottom • Decomposers (bacteria) • detrivores (eat small bits of organic matter on bottom) • Filter feeders • Shrimp, clams, sponges, crabs etc. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/freshwater-plants-animals/#/mexican-water-lilly_289_600x450.jpg

Threats to Ponds and Lakes Eutrophication (review) • Excess nutrients enter water • Algae bloom, overcrowd and die • Bacteria decompose algae, using up oxygen • Other organisms die for want of oxygen http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/A-Bi/Algal-Blooms-in-Fresh-Water.html

Prevention of Eutrophication (review) Agricultural: • Buffer zones between farms and waterways • Control of runoff in areas of high manure concentration • High tech fertilizer application (only as-needed)

Eutrophication Prevention Domestic • Lawn-free landscaping

Eutrophication Prevention Domestic • Buy phosphate-free products

Eutrophication Prevention Domestic • Repair leaky sewer and septic systems

Rivers • Dissolved oxygen increases with current • Dissolved oxygen decreases with temperature

Wastewater vs. Stormwater Sources of wastewater: • Dishwasher • Washer • Sink • Shower • bathtub • Toilet • In short, anything that goes down the drain Wastewater goes down sewer lines to a wastewater treatment plant

Wastewater vs. Stormwater Stormwater • Water that collects outdoors and gets sent into storm drains • Catch basins are design to collect this runoff

Runoff Catch basins take much more than storm water • Oils from cars • Industrial chemicals • Soil from construction sites • Nonpoint-source pollution – cannot be traced back to any single source • Point source pollution: can be traced to a specific source

Stormwater runoff • Most stormwater goes directly to a waterway

Combined Sewer • Stormwater and wastewater use same system of pipes and get run to water treatment plant http://www.epa.ohio.gov/dsw/cso/csoindex.aspx

Combined Sewer Overflow • It works…until it rains hard • In heavy rains, the combined stormwater and wastewater overflow and go directly to the waterways, polluting them • CSO = combined sewer overflow

Combined Sewer Overflow Treatment • Extra waste water treatment plant at point where CSO runoff gets to waterway • Stop-gap Better solution: • Separate sewers and stormwater systems

Permeability • The ability to allow substances flow through • A permeable surface allows rain to percolate (seep) into the ground. • Examples: • Grass or other plants • Gravel • Dirt • Ground cover like pine straw or wood chips

Permeability • Rain washes/flows over an impermeable (or impervious) surface and does not get absorbed into the ground. • Ex: • Rooftops, • roads, • parking lots

Permeability permeable impermeable The more impermeable surfaces we have, the more runoff goes straight into the waterways and takes pollutants with it.

Wetlands Areas of nearly constant moisture that contain great biodiversity http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch52/aquatic-estuary.html

Freshwater Wetlandstwo main types Marshes Swamps Dominated by trees and shrubs • Mostly non-woody plants such as grasses, reeds and cattails

Benefits of Wetlands • Filter pollutants • Control flooding • Act as giant sponge, absorbing and slowing water as it flows through • Buffer shorelines against erosion (absorb impact) • Spawning grounds, migration stop and habitat for: • commercially important shellfish and fish • Native species (some rare, endangered) • Recreation

Wetlands: Human Impact • Less than ½ of original US wetlands remain • Causes of destruction include • Ports (remember, wetlands are usually in estuaries) • Development (NYC, Miami, Shanghai, New Orleans…etc) • Dams, levees, canals, channels • Pollution from runoff and wastewater • Non-native plants and animals • Sanitary landfills • Mosquito control (drainage, channelization, poisoning) • Channelization: digging channels/canals to drain land

Wetlands: Human Impact • Draining wetlands results in: • Loss of benefits stated earlier • Subsidence: ground sinks due to drying out • Salt water intrusion: as wetlands are drained, saltwater seeps in from ocean • This is also a cause of further destruction (positive feedback loop)

Wetland Loss Solutions • Mitigation program: • Creating wetlands in new areas to replace their destruction for development (1983) • Mitigation bank: sells newly created wetlands to developers who have to mitigate • Disallow wetland destruction for agriculture (1985)

Wetlands: Estuaries • Wetlands are often found in estuaries: “where rivers meet the sea” • Large mostly flat areas • Salinity changes with tides • As tide comes in (gets higher), salinity ↑ • As tide goes out (gets lower), salinity ↓

Estuaries • Nutrient mixing with tides • Salt water is ______ than fresh water • Heavier/denser • Due to tides and salt/fresh water mixing, nutrients get “trapped” in estuaries. http://www.wwu.edu/salishsea/estuary.shtml

swamps Trees have “knees” or buttresses, probably for support in mushy ground Saltwater swamps are mangroves Freshwater swamp http://inchinapinch.com/hab_pgs/marine/mangrove/mangrove.htm

Estuaries in Georgia

Estuaries in Gulf of Mexico

Barrier Islands • Protect mainland and coastal wetlands http://geology.rockbandit.net/2008/09/15/how-barrier-islands-such-as-galveston-work/

Barrier islands take the brunt of storms Tuesday, October 30, 2012 Superstorm Sandy: Tuesday A Portion of Harvey Cedars on Long Beach Island, New Jersey is underwater Tuesday, Oct. 30, 2012, a day after Hurricane Sandy blew across the New Jersey barrier islands. http://seattletimes.com/html/photogalleries/nationworld2019559529/

Coral • Corals are invertebrate animals • Heterotrophs • Polyp = body of coral • Stinging cells take in tiny organisms as they drift by • Symbiotic relationship with algae called zooxanthellae

Corals and Energy “autotroph” by day Heterotroph by night • with help of zooxanthellae Because the corals rely on photosynthesis, they must live in clear shallow waters

Corals – two types • Soft Corals • NOT reef building • Include Sea fans and feathers • Hard Corals • Reef building • Add about ½ inch/year • Uses calcium carbonate from water

Coral Reefs • Coral reefs are the limestone (Calcium Carbonate) structures hard corals build • Over thousands of years, each little animal’s structure is added to the one below it

Coral Reefs: Locations Concentrated in the tropical latitudes

Coral Reefs: Benefits • On video • Support wide biodiversity (40% of marine species) • “tropical rain forest of the seas” • Tourism & recreation • Medicines and cancer drugs – still being explored

Coral Reefs: Threats • On video • Hurricanes (made worse by • Boats • Snorkelers/scuba divers touching corals • Tropical fish pets • Litter • Water quality decreasing • Pollution (bacteria, viruses, fungi causing diseases) • Extra nutrients in water causing extra algae to grow, blocking sunlight to zooxanthellae • Changes in temperature due to global warming • Ocean levels rising, blocking sunlight

Coral Bleaching • Zooxanthellae provide the color in corals • When the zooxanthellae get ejected from corals, they are left colorless, “bleached”

Coral Reefs: Solutions • On video • Moorings for boats so that they don’t drop anchor on reefs • Education • Instruct snorkelers and scuba divers on how NOT to disturb reefs • General Public awareness • Beach cleanups • Decrease burning fossil fuels • Decrease use of fertilizers • Decrease pollutants (litter & other) • Repair and improve wastewater treatment

Ocean Acidification- cause and effects • ↑ CO2 in atmosphere • ↑ CO2 diffuses into water • ↑ water acidity • ↓ available carbonate ions • ↓ reef building and health of pteropods and other shell-building organisms • PS This happens in large lakes too. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F

Ocean Acidification – bottom line • Reefs are directly affected by increased CO2 in atmosphere • Entire ocean food web also in jeopardy due to increased CO2 http://theoceanproject.blogspot.com/2012/03/ocean-acidification-osteoporosis-of.html

Biological Pump • Algae use CO2 in photosynthesis • This ↓ CO2 in the water • That ↑ amount of CO2 diffusing into the water from the atmosphere • Which ↓ the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere • Win-win! CO2

Solubility Pump • Which holds more CO2? warm or cold Coke? • S.P. = The idea that warm water holds less dissolved gas than cold water • As ocean currents carry warm water to colder regions, the water absorbs more CO2 from the atmosphere

Other Threats to Oceans • Overfishing • eutrophication • Garbage http://www.schooltube.com/video/c412e0e5292291dbd194/The-Great-Pacific-Garbage-Patch-Good-Morning-America

Aquatic Ecosystems