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VTU# NCES (18ME651)#6th semester(common to all) # 1st Module
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Non-Conventional Sources of Energy18ME651 Dr. Ramesh B T Assistant Prof, MED Jain Institute of Technology Davangere-577003 Mail ID: rameshbt049@gmail.com Phone No: 9900784915
Energy The word ‘energy’ itself is derived from the Greek word which means ‘in-work’ or ‘work content’. The work output depends on the energy input. Energy can be defined as the ability to do work. Energy is measured in the same unit as work: joules (J). Energy is all around us. we can hear energy as sound. we can see energy as light and we can feel it as wind. The five main forms of energy are: Heat Chemical Electromagnetic Nuclear Mechanical
All forms of energy can be converted into other forms. The sun’s energy through solar cells can be converted directly into electricity. Green plants convert the sun’s energy (electromagnetic) into starches and sugars (chemical energy). In an electric motor, electromagnetic energy is converted to mechanical energy. In a battery, chemical energy is converted into electromagnetic energy. The mechanical energy of a waterfall is converted to electrical energy in a generator. All forms of energy can be in either of two states: Potential Kinetic
Kinetic Energy The energy of motion is called kinetic energy K.E. = mass x velocity Potential Energy Potential Energy is stored energy, Stored chemically in fuel, the nucleus of atom, and in foods. Or stored because of the work done on it: Stretching a rubber band. Winding a watch. Pulling back on a bow’s arrow. Lifting a brick high in the air.
Classification of energy resources: • Conventional/ Commercial • Non - Conventional • Renewable • Non – renewable • Primary resources • Intermediate resources • Secondary resources Conventional sources: Energy sources which are available in less amount and will one day be exhausted, are known as conventional sources of energy. E.g. fossil fuels Non - conventional sources: The energy sources which are renewable and can be regenerated are known as renewable or non-conventional sources of energy. As the population is increasing the energy consumption also is increasing. Hence we need such sources of energy which can be renewed from time to time and they can meet our needs regularly.
The different sources of energy are: • Fossil fuels • Biomass • Hydro power plant • Wind energy • Solar energy • Geothermal energy • Ocean thermal energy • Tidal energy • Wave energy • Nuclear energy
The need for alternatives: • The average rate of increase of oil production in the world is declining & a peak in production may be reached around 2015. There after the production will decline gradually & most of the oil reserves of the world are likely to be consumed by the end of the present century. The serious nature of this observation is apparent when one notes that oil provides about 30% of the world‘s need for energy from commercial sources & that oil is the fuel used in most of the world‘s transportation systems. • The production of natural gas is continuing to increase at a rate of about 4% every year. Unlike oil, there has been no significant slowdown in the rate of increase of production. Present indications are that a peak in gas production will come around 2025, about 10 years after the peak in oil production. • As oil & natural gas becomes scarcer, a great burden will fall on coal. It is likely that the production of coal will touch a maximum somewhere around 2050. • Finally, it should be noted that in addition to supplying energy, fossil fuels are used extensively as feed stock material for the manufacture of organic chemicals. As resources deplete, the need for using fossil fuels exclusively for such purposes may become greater.
CO2 is at 407ppm (Oct 2018) increased by 90ppm in the last 70 years • Global warming ~1.1°Cin the past 200 years • Ocean acidification • Rising sea level ~3.2mm each year • Decreasing ice sheet mass • Retreating glaciers • Decreasing Arctic ice at a rate of 13% each decade need for non-conventional energy sources NASA Youtube video showing planet warming https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=9&v=s3RWTTtPg8E
Energy production from commercial energy sources in India-Year 2000
1. Coal and Lignite: 2. Oil and Gas: 3.Hydroelectric power: 4.Atomic or Nuclear Power: 5. Nuclear Power India’s production & reserves of commercial sources
SALIENT FEATURES OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES Merits: • NCES are available in nature, free of cost. • They cause no or very little pollution. Thus, by and large, they are environmental friendly. • They are inexhaustible. • They have low gestation period. Demerits: • Though available freely in nature, the cost of harnessing energy from NCES is high, as in general, these are available in dilute forms of energy. • Uncertainty of availability: the energy flow depends on various natural phenomena beyond human control. • Difficulty in transporting this form of energy.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES: • ADVANTAGES: • Coal: as present is cheap. • Security: by storing certain quantity, the energy availability can be ensured for a certain period. • Convenience: it is very convenient to use. • DISADVANTAGES: • Fossil fuels generate pollutants: CO, CO2, NOX, SOX. Particulate matter & heat. The pollutants degrade the environment, pose health hazards & cause various other problems. • Coal: it is also valuable petro-chemical & used as source of raw material for chemical& paints, industries, etc. From long term point of view, it is desirable to conserve coal for future needs. • Safety of nuclear plants: it is a controversial subject. • Hydro electrical plants are cleanest but large hydro reservoirs • cause the following problems • As large land area submerges into water, which leads to deforestation • Causes ecological disturbances such as earthquakes • Causes dislocation of large population & consequently their rehabilitation problems.
Solar energy is a very large, inexhaustible source of energy. SOLAR ENERGY:
Merits of solar energy: Demerits of solar energy: Solar applications:
https://youtu.be/zvQZtpZnRRE Advantages.Dis advantages.Applications.
https://youtu.be/ZYO83TkM0To Photovoltaic or Solar Cell
Advantages.Dis advantages.Applications. https://youtu.be/q8HmRLCgDAI
Wind Energy https://youtu.be/45Xh7FKS9nM
https://youtu.be/BsojDI7tQm0 Biomass Energy Biomass energy is energy generated or produced by living or once-living organisms. ... Biomass is organic, meaning it is made of material that comes from living organisms, such as plants and animals. The most common biomass materials used for energy are plants, wood, and waste.
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a process or technology for producing energy by harnessing the temperature differences (thermal gradients) between ocean surface waters and deep ocean waters ocean temperature difference https://youtu.be/IASV8IH-ytE
he temperature of the ocean also varies from top to bottom, giving a vertical structure to most of the ocean. There is an upper layer of water, up to 200m deep, that is warmed by the Sun and has the same temperature from top to bottom. Below that is a layer called the thermocline, reaching down in places to 1000m, which is colder at the bottom than at the top. The deep ocean below the thermocline, making up 80% of the ocean, is the same very cold temperature throughout • Some properties of water change with temperature: • Cold water is denser than warm water, so it tends to sink. • Cold water holds more dissolvable gases, such as carbon dioxide • Water temperature can affect the productivity of organisms living in it. Water expands when it warms up – heat energy makes its molecules move around more and take up more space. Because the molecules are more spread out, the density goes down. When water cools, it contracts and becomes denser. Temperature and salinity both affect the density of water, resulting in water moving up or down through the ocean layers and moving as currents around the ocean.
Applications: usedturbines to produce electricity.
Tidal energy is energy produced by the tides of the ocean. Tides are produced by the pull of gravity from the Moon as well as the spin of the Earth. There is a lot of energy in the movement of that much water. The first wave power plant in the world opened in 2008 at the Farm in Portugal. Tidal power to turn water wheels and grind grains was used as far back as Roman times and the Middle Ages. The idea of using tidal power for electricity is fairly recent, but the costs have been too high to make it a major energy source. Recent technological advances have shown that it could become a competitive and viable source. Oscillating Water Column (OWC) Tidal and waves Energy
The Pivoting Flap Device Tidal Turbines Tidal Barrages https://youtu.be/VkTRcTyDSyk https://youtu.be/gcStpg3i5V8
Some advantages of tidal energy are: • Environment-friendly • A highly predictable energy source • High energy density • Operational and maintenance costs are low • An inexhaustible source of energy • Some of the disadvantages of tidal energy are: • High tidal power plant construction costs • Negative influence on marine life forms • Location limits • The variable intensity of sea waves
Geothermal energy is heat within the earth. Geothermal Energy https://youtu.be/mCRDf7QxjDk
Oil shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing large amounts of organic matter (kerogen), which can yield substantial quantities of hydrocarbons. Tar Sand and Oil Shale Energy Tar sands are grains of sand or, in some cases, porous carbonate rocks that are intimately mixed with a very heavy, asphalt-like crude oil called bitumen.
oil shale contains about 4% kerogen. When heated to 350-400 °C, it yields about 6 gallons of oil per ton of shale. Rich shale may contain up to 40% kerogen and typically yields about 50 gallons of oil per ton. Oil is then recovered from the shale by retorting the shale. Retorting involves heating the shale in the absence of air to temperatures of 500 °C or more. Typically, 75-80% of the kerogen is converted to oil. https://youtu.be/Dx1jOD-V8mc
The bitumen is much too viscous to be recovered by traditional petroleum recovery techniques. If tar sand is heated to about 80 °C, by injecting steam into the deposit in a manner analogous to that of enhanced oil recovery, the elevated temperature causes a decrease in the viscosity of the bitumen just enough to allow its pumping to the surface. Alternatively, it is sometimes easier to mine the tar sand as a solid material. When the mined tar sand is mixed with steam and hot water, the bitumen will float on the water while the sand sinks to the bottom of the container, allowing for easy separation. Heating the bitumen above 500 °C converts about 70% of it to a synthetic crude oil. Distilling this oil gives good yields of kerosene and other liquid products in the middle distillate range. The remainder of the bitumen either thermally cracks to form gaseous products or reacts to form petroleum coke
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Nuclear Energy
Non-Conventional Sources of Energy18ME651 Dr. Ramesh B T Assistant Prof, MED Jain Institute of Technology Davangere-577003 Mail ID: rameshbt049@gmail.com Phone No: 9900784915
