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Contextualizing the Second International Polar Year

Contextualizing the Second International Polar Year. Early Polar Aviation and Bergen School Meteorology. Roger Turner University of Pennsylvania. Polar Gateways Arctic Circle Sunrise January 23, 2008. US National Weather Service Office, 1997 (Taunton, Massachusetts).

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Contextualizing the Second International Polar Year

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  1. Contextualizing the Second International Polar Year Early Polar Aviation and Bergen School Meteorology Roger TurnerUniversity of Pennsylvania Polar Gateways Arctic Circle Sunrise January 23, 2008

  2. US National Weather Service Office, 1997(Taunton, Massachusetts) Source: NWS (http://www.erh.noaa.gov/box/office2.html)

  3. Meteorology: A Global Science

  4. Appropriating the Weather Source: Amazon.com

  5. The Bergen School Source: Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology (http://www.tekniskmuseum.no/wormpetersen/hallde.htm)

  6. A Computational Science Source: NOAA Central Library (http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/wea01830.htm)

  7. The Spitsbergen School

  8. Aviation and Geopolitics Frontispiece, The First Crossing of the Polar Sea, by Amundsen and Ellsworth (1926)

  9. Aviation not yet robust

  10. Was the Arctic good for flying? Source: Amundsen and Ellsworth, The First Crossing of the Polar Sea,

  11. AeroArctic Postage Franking Source: John Dziadecki's website "Zeppelin" (http://spot.colorado.edu/~dziadeck/zf/stamps.htm)

  12. Wegener’s Grave and Propeller Sleds

  13. The Spitsbergen School

  14. Harald Sverdrup (1888-1957)

  15. Sverre Petterssen (1898-1974)

  16. Petterssen during WWII

  17. Finn Malmgren (1895-1928)

  18. Norge in flight Source: Amundsen and Ellsworth, The First Crossing of the Polar Sea,

  19. Malmgren Memorial, Stockholm

  20. Jorgen Holmboe (1902-1979)

  21. Three Key Traits • Experience living in the far north • Passion for outdoor athletics • Theoretical attention to the upper air

  22. Petterssen’s Nordland Home Source:Fleming, Weathering the Storm

  23. Capsized Nordlandsbåt Source:Fleming, Weathering the Storm

  24. Amundsen Memorial in Svalbard

  25. The Maud

  26. Finn Malmgren Knut Knaus drew caricatures of several members of the Bergen School during the mid-1920s. Source:Fleming, Weathering the Storm

  27. Petterssen at Tromsø, 1928 Source:Fleming, Weathering the Storm

  28. Bergen Weather Office, 1918

  29. The Air Mass Model of Cyclogenesis

  30. IPY2 Commission, 1933 Harald Sverdrup Source: Annals of the IGY, v. 1, p. 235

  31. Launching a Radiosonde, 1936 Source: National Bureau of Standards (http://www.centennialofflight.gov)

  32. The Spitsbergen School

  33. The Spitsbergen School

  34. The Weather Cadet Generation

  35. Physics Leads Forecasting “It is clear that the ultimate goals of dynamic and synoptic meteorology can only be obtained simultaneously: the perfect forecaster would be the first man who could completely explain the physical behavior of the atmosphere, and vice versa. … [I]t is already clear that an understanding of the atmosphere in physical terms is absolutely essential for the synoptic meteorologist.” --Jorgen Holmboe, George Forsythe, and William Gustin, Dynamic Meteorology, 1945, p. 1.

  36. Weather Cadet Generation in 1970

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