Consciousness and Its Variations

1. Consciousness and Its Variations

3. Consciousness Your immediate awareness of internal and external stimuli. William James described it as a �stream� or �river.�

4. Circadian Rhythm A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuation in biological and psychological processes. body temperature cortisol secretion sleep and wakefulness In the absence of time cues, the cycle period will become somewhat longer than 24 hours Keywords: circadian rhythmKeywords: circadian rhythm

5. Hockenbury text p 124Hockenbury text p 124

6. The SCN (the body�s clock) Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) �cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus that governs the timing of circadian rhythms; light dependent Melatonin �hormone of the pineal gland that produces sleepiness

7. Jet Lag Symptoms physical fatigue mental fatigue depression irritability disrupted sleep Sunlight resets the biological clock Not just for travelers

8. Electroencephalogram (EEG) Electrodes placed on the scalp provide a gross record of the electrical activity of the brain EEG recordings are a rough index of psychological states Discovering Psych Schulman Slides Keywords: electroencephalogram, EEGDiscovering Psych Schulman Slides Keywords: electroencephalogram, EEG

9. EEG Waves of Wakefulness Awake, but non-attentive: large, regular alpha waves Discovering Psych Schulman Slides Keywords: EEG, alpha waves, beta waves, wakefulnessDiscovering Psych Schulman Slides Keywords: EEG, alpha waves, beta waves, wakefulness

10. Stages of Sleep NREM Sleep Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement sleep aka: quiet sleep REM Sleep Rapid-Eye-Movement sleep aka: active sleep aka: paradoxical sleep

11. DiscPSY Figure 4.2 p. 132DiscPSY Figure 4.2 p. 132

12. Stage 0: Onset of Sleep Awake but drowsy The brain�s electrical activity gears down generating slightly larger and slower alpha brain waves thoughts wander and are less logical Hypnagogic Hallucination vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep; odd but realistic sensations may lead to a myoclonic jerk aka: sleep starts involuntary muscle spasm that jolts the person awake

13. DiscPSY Figure 4.2 p. 132DiscPSY Figure 4.2 p. 132

14. Stage 1: NREM alpha brain waves are replaces with even slower theta brain waves lasts only a few minutes gradually disengage from the sensations of the surrounding world can regain conscious alertness if necessary hypnagogic experiences may occur (but less vivid)

15. DiscPSY Figure 4.2 p. 132DiscPSY Figure 4.2 p. 132

16. Stage 2: NREM theta waves are gradually replaced with delta waves lasts 15-20 minutes breathing becomes rhythmical defined by the appearance of sleep spindles brief bursts of brain activity that last a second or two they contain K complexes single high-voltage spikes of brain activity slight muscle twitches may occur

17. DiscPSY Figure 4.2 p. 132DiscPSY Figure 4.2 p. 132

18. Stage 3&4: NREM both contain delta waves lasts about 20-40 minutes aka: slow-wave sleep Stage 3 NREM > 20% delta waves Stage 4 NREM > 50% delta waves heart rate, blood pressure, breathing are at lowest levels sleeper is oblivious to the world, but muscles are still capable of movement takes 15 minutes are longer to regain full waking consciousness (the oreo story)

19. DiscPSY Figure 4.2 p. 132DiscPSY Figure 4.2 p. 132

20. Stages of Sleep Upon reaching stage 4 and after about 80 to 100 minutes of total sleep time, sleep lightens, returns through stages 3 and 2 REM sleep emerges, characterized by EEG patterns that resemble beta waves of alert wakefulness muscles most relaxed rapid eye movements occur dreams occur Four or five sleep cycles occur in a typical night�s sleep; less time is spent in slow-wave, more is spent in REM Keywords: REM sleep, sleep cyclesKeywords: REM sleep, sleep cycles

21. Sleep Theories (on the why?) Restoration theory �body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape Adaptive theory �sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger Keywords: restoration theory, preservation and protection theoryKeywords: restoration theory, preservation and protection theory

22. Sleep Deprivation Has little effect on performance of tasks requiring physical skill or intellectual judgment Hurts performance on simple, boring tasks more than challenging ones Most reliable effect is sleepiness itself Keywords: sleep deprivationKeywords: sleep deprivation

23. Individual Differences in Sleep Drive Some individuals need more and some less than the typical 8 hours per night Nonsomniacs �sleep far less than most, but do not feel tired during the day Insomniacs �have a normal desire for sleep, but are unable to and feel tired during the day Keywords: nonsomniacs, insomniacsKeywords: nonsomniacs, insomniacs

24. Sleep Disorders Insomnia �inability to fall asleep or stay asleep Parasomnias �a category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal during sleep transitions REM sleep behavior disorder sleep walking night terrors sleep bruxism sleep-related eating disorder (oreos!) Narcolepsy �overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up often accompanied with cataplexy Sleep apnea �failure to breathe when asleep Keywords: somnambulism, nightmares, night terrors, narcolepsy, sleep apneaKeywords: somnambulism, nightmares, night terrors, narcolepsy, sleep apnea

25. Dreams and other Activity Keywords: true dream, sleep thoughtKeywords: true dream, sleep thought

26. Memory Consolidation occurs in REM sleep mostly for procedural memory reactivity!

27. Dream Theories What are true dreams for? Psychoanalytic Interpretation Activation Synthesis Model Keywords: side effect view of dreamingKeywords: side effect view of dreaming

28. Psychoanalytic Interpretation Manifest content �elements of the dream that are consciously experienced and remembered Latent content �the unconscious wishes that are concealed in the manifest content Dreams as �wish fulfillments.�

29. Activation Synthesis Model Brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation) which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis). Meaning is to be found by analyzing the way the dreamer makes sense of the progression of chaotic dream images.

30. Hypnosis State of awareness Highly focused attention Increased responsiveness to suggestion Vivid imagery Willingness to accept distortions of logic Alteration of sensation and perception

31. DiscPsy p146DiscPsy p146

32. Hypnosis �A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist�s suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior.� �hypnos� is Greek for �sleep� posthypnotic suggestion

33. Meditation Concentration Technique mantra transcendental mediation (TM) Opening-up Technique �here and now� Zen Buddhism�s zazen (�just sitting�) Predominance of alpha brain waves

34. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants �inhibit brain activity Opiates �pain relief and euphoria Stimulants �increase brain activity Psychedelics �distort sensory perceptions

35. Common Properties Physical dependence Tolerance Withdrawal symptoms Drug rebound effect

36. Drug Abuse Recurrent drug use that results in disruption of academic, social, or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems

37. Depressants Alcohol�CNS depressant Barbiturates�induce sleep Tranquilizers�relieve anxiety

38. DiscPsy p.153DiscPsy p.153

39. Opiates Chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties Mimic the brain�s endorphins Heroin, methadone Percodan, Demerol

40. Stimulants Caffeine Nicotine Amphetamines Cocaine Stimulant induced psychosis

41. Psychedelics Create perceptual distortions Mescaline LSD Marijuana Flashback reactions and psychotic episodes

42. �Club� Drugs Ecstasy (MDMA)�feelings of euphoria, increased well-being. Side effects�dehydration, hyperthermia, tremor, rapid heartbeat Dissociative anesthetics�include PCP and Ketamine. Deaden pain, produce stupor or coma, may induce hallucinations

43. Chapter 4 I. Consciousness Circadian Rhythms SCN Jet Lag II. Sleep Stages of Sleep NREM REM Sleep Theories Sleep Disorders III. Dreams and other Activity Memory Consolidation Dream Theories IV. Hypnosis V. Meditation VI. Drugs depressants opiates stimulants psychedelic drugs