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VARIATIONS IN CONSCIOUSNESS

Is this reality or just someone’s imagination of reality?. VARIATIONS IN CONSCIOUSNESS. CONSCIOUSNESS. The awareness of internal and external stimuli Also includes: Awareness of self as unique Awareness of experiences. VARIATIONS IN LEVELS OF AWARENESS.

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VARIATIONS IN CONSCIOUSNESS

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  1. Is this reality or just someone’s imagination of reality? VARIATIONS IN CONSCIOUSNESS

  2. CONSCIOUSNESS • The awareness of internal and external stimuli • Also includes: • Awareness of self as unique • Awareness of experiences

  3. VARIATIONS IN LEVELS OF AWARENESS • William James---stream of consciousness • Freud believed that stream had depth (unconscious) • Conscious and unconscious are levels of consciousness

  4. CONSCIOUSNESS AND BRAIN ACTIVITY • Consciousness is not centered in one structure • EEG is the best measurement • Records brain waves • 4 principle waves: beta, alpha, theta, and delta

  5. BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS AND SLEEP • Biological rhythms: periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning • Circadian rhythms: 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species

  6. IGNORING CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS • Quality of sleep • Crossing time zones causes jet lag • Going to bed a couple of hours later affects rhythm

  7. THE SLEEP AND WAKE CYCLE

  8. CONDUCTING SLEEP RESEARCH • Use EEG • Electromyograph (EMG): records muscular activity and tension • Electrooculograph (EOG): records eye movements

  9. STAGES OF SLEEP---Stage 1 • 1: lasts 1-7 minutes; drowsiness; breathing and heart rate decrease; muscle activity declines • Hypnic jerks: brief muscular contractions • Primarily theta waves

  10. STAGES OF SLEEP---STAGE 2 • 10-25 minutes • Sleep spindles: higher-frequency brain waves • Brain waves become higher in amplitude and slower in frequency

  11. STAGES OF SLEEP---STAGES 3 AND 4 • Lasts c. 30 minutes • Slow-wave sleep: high amp, low frequency delta waves prominent • After: cycle reverses • Before reaching stage one again, ….

  12. REM SLEEP • 5th stage • Irregular breathing and pulse • Virtually paralyzed • Beta waves • High-frequency, low amp brain waves, and vivid dreaming • Non-REM (nREM): stages 1-4

  13. REPEATING THE CYCLE • Usually repeat c. 4 times • REM periods get longer; peak at 40-60 min. • NREM periods get shorter • Young adults: 60% in light sleep (1 and 2); 20% in slow wave sleep (3 and 4); 20% in REM

  14. AGE AND SLEEP • Infants: 6-8 times in 24 hrs; 16+ hrs total • 50% in REM • As age increases, deep sleep decreases in amt • Total sleep increases w/age

  15. CULTURE AND SLEEP • Co-sleeping: children and parents sleep together • Discouraged in western societies • Napping is cultural; siesta cultures

  16. NEURAL BASES OF SLEEP • Reticular Formation important in sleep and wakefulness • Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS): afferent fibers running through the RF that influence physiological arousal

  17. NEURAL BASES OF SLEEP CONTINUED • Pons assoc. with REM sleep • Areas in medulla, thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system assoc. with control of sleep and waking • NT’s involved: ACh, serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and GABA

  18. EVOLUTIONARY BASES OF SLEEP • Conserve energy • Reduce exposure to predators • Helps to restore energy and other bodily resources • Which do you believe?

  19. SLEEP DEPRIVATION • Complete deprivation negatively effects mood, cognitive and perceptual-motor tasks • Difficult to go past 3 or 4 days w/o sleep • Partial deprivation: losing substantially less sleep over a period of time; very common

  20. SLEEP DEPRIVATION CONTINUED • Selective deprivation • Repeated disruption of sleep • Experiments show rebound effect: making up time in stages where sleep was interrupted

  21. INSOMNIA • Insomnia: chronic problems in getting adequate sleep • 3 main types 1: difficulty in falling asleep 2: difficulty maintaining sleep 3: persistent early-morning waking --assoc. w/ daytime fatigue, impaired functioning, reduced productivity, increased health problems

  22. INSOMNIA • Sleep state misperception: pseudoinsomnia • Causes: anxiety, stress, depression, various health problems • Treatment: sedatives for short term solution

  23. Narcolepsy: sudden onset of sleep during normal waking periods Sleep apnea: frequent, reflexive gasping for air that disrupts sleep Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM Night terrors: abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied w/intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic Sleepwalking: walking around while asleep OTHER SLEEP DISORDERS

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