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Introduction to embedded Systems

Introduction to embedded Systems. Embedded systems overview. Computing systems are everywhere Most of us think of “desktop” computers PC’s Laptops Mainframes Servers But there’s another type of computing system Far more common. Embedded systems overview. Embedded computing systems

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Introduction to embedded Systems

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  1. Introduction to embedded Systems

  2. Embedded systems overview • Computing systems are everywhere • Most of us think of “desktop” computers • PC’s • Laptops • Mainframes • Servers • But there’s another type of computing system • Far more common...

  3. Embedded systems overview • Embedded computing systems • Computing systems embedded within electronic devices • Hard to define. Nearly any computing system other than a desktop computer • Billions of units produced yearly, versus millions of desktop units • Perhaps 50 per household and per automobile Computers are in here... and here... and even here... Lots more of these, though they cost a lot less each.

  4. A “short list” of embedded systems And the list goes on and on Anti-lock brakes Auto-focus cameras Automatic teller machines Automatic toll systems Automatic transmission Avionic systems Battery chargers Camcorders Cell phones Cell-phone base stations Cordless phones Cruise control Curbside check-in systems Digital cameras Disk drives Electronic card readers Electronic instruments Electronic toys/games Factory control Fax machines Fingerprint identifiers Home security systems Life-support systems Medical testing systems Modems MPEG decoders Network cards Network switches/routers On-board navigation Pagers Photocopiers Point-of-sale systems Portable video games Printers Satellite phones Scanners Smart ovens/dishwashers Speech recognizers Stereo systems Teleconferencing systems Televisions Temperature controllers Theft tracking systems TV set-top boxes VCR’s, DVD players Video game consoles Video phones Washers and dryers

  5. Automotive embedded systems • Today’s high-end automobile may have lots of microcontrollers: • checks seat belt; • run dashboard devices; • controls engine; • controls automatic transmission; etc.

  6. BMW 850i brake and stability control system • Anti-lock brake system (ABS): pumps brakes to reduce skidding. • Automatic stability control + Traction (ASC+T): controls engine to improve stability. • ABS and ASC+T communicate. • ABS was introduced first---needed to interface to existing ABS module.

  7. ABS sensor sensor brake brake hydraulic pump ABS brake brake sensor sensor

  8. Some common characteristics of embedded systems • Single-functioned • Executes a single program, repeatedly • Tightly-constrained • All computing systems have constraints on design metrics, but embedded systems are especially tight. • Low cost, low power, small (must fit in a small space), fast, etc. • Reactive and real-time • Continually reacts to changes in the system’s environment • Must compute certain results in real-time without delay

  9. Digital camera chip CCD CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessor D2A A2D lens JPEG codec Microcontroller Multiplier/Accum DMA controller Display ctrl Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl An embedded system example -- a digital camera • Single-functioned -- always a digital camera • Tightly-constrained -- Low cost, low power, small, fast • Reactive and real-time -- only to some extent

  10. Design challenge – optimizing design metrics • Obvious design goal: • Construct an implementation with desired functionality • Key design challenge: • Simultaneously optimize numerous design metrics • Design metric • A measurable feature of a system’s implementation • Optimizing design metrics is a key challenge

  11. Design challenge – optimizing design metrics • Common metrics • Unit cost: the monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system, excluding NRE cost • NRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost): The one-time monetary cost of designing the system • Size: the physical space required by the system • Performance: the execution time or throughput of the system • Power: the amount of power consumed by the system • Flexibility: the ability to change the functionality of the system without incurring heavy NRE cost

  12. Design challenge – optimizing design metrics • Common metrics (continued) • Time-to-prototype: the time needed to build a working version of the system • Time-to-market: the time required to develop a system to the point that it can be released and sold to customers • Maintainability: the ability to modify the system after its initial release • Correctness, safety, many more

  13. Microprocessor varieties • Microcontroller: includes I/O devices, on-board memory. • Digital signal processor (DSP): microprocessor optimized for digital signal processing. • Typical embedded word sizes: 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit.

  14. Application examples • Simple control: front panel of microwave oven, etc. • Canon EOS 3 has three microprocessors. • 32-bit RISC CPU runs autofocus and eye control systems. • Analog TV: channel selection, etc. • Digital TV: programmable CPUs + hardwired logic.

  15. e-Vending Vending Managementfrom the Desktop Technology Overview Decade Predominant Technology ’60s Mainframes ’70s Mini Computers ’80s Personal Computers ’90s Internet for people 2000 Internet for Devices and beyond In the 21st Century, internet-enabled appliances will dominate the technology space - paving the way for electronic maintenance.

  16. e-Vending Vending Managementfrom the Desktop Devices.net Server Internet Internet Gateway Automatic Alerts ! Internet Pager Phone Email Operator’s Office Stock Level Report Vending Activity Log Dispatch Activity Log Machine Status Report

  17. e-Vending Vending Managementfrom the Desktop Cold Drink Vendor Snack Food Vendor Hot Drink Vendor Internet Gateway OneGateway16 Machines1000mApart Slave Slave GSM Telephone Line Internet Devices.net

  18. e-Vending • Built-in Modem • Automatic Configuration Internet Gateway • Digital Inputs • Local Data Logging • Analogue Inputs • Event - driven Dialup • Digital Outputs • Automatic Health Check • On Demand Connection • Plug & Play • Password Protection Slave • Digital Inputs • Data Encryption • Analogue Inputs • Digital Outputs Hardware Features

  19. Summary • Embedded systems are everywhere • Key challenge: optimization of design metrics • Design metrics compete with one another • A unified view of hardware and software is necessary to improve productivity • Three key technologies • Processor: general-purpose, application-specific, single-purpose • IC: Full-custom, semi-custom, PLD • Design: Compilation/synthesis, libraries/IP, test/verification

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