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IPB in Counterinsurgency (Part I Operational Environment)

IPB in Counterinsurgency (Part I Operational Environment). Operational Environment. - Population large part of defining the terrain: OAKOC Conventional Environment/War: O bstacles Counterinsurgency Environment/War: K ey Terrain - Deny the enemy passive/active support

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IPB in Counterinsurgency (Part I Operational Environment)

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  1. IPB in Counterinsurgency (Part I Operational Environment)

  2. Operational Environment - Population large part of defining the terrain: OAKOC Conventional Environment/War: Obstacles Counterinsurgency Environment/War: Key Terrain - Deny the enemy passive/active support - Physically/psychologically separate the population from the insurgency Step One Define:Operational Environment

  3. Area Structures Capabilities Organizations People Events A.S.C.O.P.E.

  4. IPB 1 Visualize the specific groups that defines the limits of the AO/AI by looking at the physical and human terrain using ASCOPE (overlay). Identify each specific community or group. 1 Determine Threat Courses of Action Define the Operational Environment Describe the Environment's Effects Evaluate the Threat

  5. IPB 1 Visualize the specific groups that defines the limits of the AO/AI by looking at the physical and human terrain using ASCOPE (overlay). Identify each specific community or group. 1 Determine Threat Courses of Action Define the Operational Environment SO WHAT? Describe the Environment's Effects Evaluate the Threat 1. Identifying the “Corners” (neighborhoods, demographic groups, communities) of the 4 x Corner War defined by: - Ethnic - Social - Political - Religious - Economic - Tribal/Family 2. Details of each demographic groups

  6. IPB 1 4 4 1 1 Determine Threat Courses of Action Define the Operational Environment Describe the Environment's Effects Evaluate the Threat 3 3 2 2

  7. x x x x x x x x FOB GIGANTOR x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

  8. Areas Tribal Areas Tribe B x x x x x x x x FOB GIGANTOR x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Tribe A x x x x x x x x x x x x x Tribe D x x x x Tribe C x x x x x x x x

  9. Areas Religious Boundaries Shi’a Sunni x x x x x x x x FOB GIGANTOR x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Sunni x x x x x x x x x x Shi’a x x x x x x

  10. Areas Economic Districts Poor Middle Merchants x x x x x x x x FOB GIGANTOR x x Poor x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Poor x x x Middle Merchants x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Rich Ex Regime Middle Merchants Poor x x x x x x

  11. Areas Government Centers Poor Middle Merchants G x x P x x x x x x FOB GIGANTOR x x Poor x x x x x x x x x x P x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Poor G x x x Middle Merchants x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x P x x x x x x x x G x G x x P Rich Ex Regime Middle Merchants Poor x x x x x x P

  12. How a structure’s location, function, and capabilities can support or hinder operations. Traditional high payoff targets: Bridges, communications towers, power plants, and dams. International and localize significant sites: Churches, mosques, national libraries, and hospitals, cemeteries, historical ruins, religious sites, cultural areas, and other protected sites Practical sites: jails, warehouses, toxic industrial materials, television and radio stations, and print plants,, may influence operations. Important: HN provides what the effects of engaging these sites Structures

  13. Capabilities refers to the ability of local authorities to provide key functions and services not just mentioning the functions. What is required to save, sustain, or enhance life, in that priority. Those areas the populace needs help in after combat operations Public health Security Public works and utilities Economics Commerce Capabilities

  14. Useful tool is SWEAT-MS to look at Capabilities Sewer – Local government (Mayor and council) Water – Tribal leader (historical - for hundreds of years, tribal leader controlled and protected wells. Electricity – Town engineer Academic – Government and Imams Trash – Private business (local merchants) Medical – Tribal doctors Security – Police, tribal militia Note: Some of these unofficial leaders may seem inefficient or bad ideas. It is important to approach the problem by first understanding the issue. Possibly including unofficial leaders in the process is enough to maintain their respect and support of the government. Capabilities

  15. Capability M G P M TL G P M TL G TL G P TL M P Gov. Council Member Poor Middle Merchants x x x x Gov. Council Member x x Imam x x FOB GIGANTOR x x x x Poor Police x x x x x x x x P x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Police Poor x x x x Middle Merchants Tribal Leader x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Imam x x x x x x x Tribal Leader x x x x x x Gov. Council Member x Rich Ex Regime x x x x x x x x Tribal Leader x x Doctor Police Chief Middle Merchants Poor x Tribal Leader x x x x x

  16. Consider all nonmilitary groups or institutions in the AO Cultural, Social, Religious Tribes Political Wings of Insurgent Groups PRT Non-government organizations (NGOs) Private Sector (Companies) International Red Cross OGAs Contractors Media (TV, Radio, Newspapers, Periodical, 24/7) Organizations

  17. Organization Poor Middle Merchants M G x x P x x x x x x FOB GIGANTOR x x x x Poor x x x x x x x x P x x x x x x x x x x x x x M x x x x x x x x x x G Squatters x x x x Poor Middle Merchants x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Squatters x x x x x x x P M x x x Rich Ex Regime x x x x x G x G x x P Middle Merchants M Poor x x x x x x P Squatters

  18. All nonmilitary personnel that military forces encounter in the AO Sheiks City council leaders Imams Professionals Displaced persons or “squatters” Sources Tribal Leaders Include how these people communicate. This is important to see the best way to provide I/O both friendly and enemy. People

  19. What are the key methods of communication used in the area? Word of Mouth Mosques Tea shops Satellite TV Cell phones Graffiti Internet Meetings I/O Products People

  20. Tie people/leaders to method of communication How does the Tribal leader communicate and pass word of mouth? Tea shops, tribal council meetings, mosque Imam? Mosque, during charity events for IDPs Merchants? On the corners in market sector were they gather to smoke and eat Various outspoken Tribal members? Tea shops, graffiti, radio People

  21. People G G G G G G G G G T T T T T Graffiti Graffiti M G x x P x x x x x x FOB GIGANTOR x x x x Graffiti x x x x x x x x P x x x x x x x x x x x x x M x x x TL x x x x x x x G x x Graffiti x x x x x x x x x x Tea Shops x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x P Tea Shops M x x x TL x x x x x G x TL G x x Tea Shops P TL M Graffiti x x x x x x P

  22. Events are routine, cyclical, planned, or spontaneous activities that significantly affect organizations, people, and military operations Saddam Hussein’s Trial National Elections Arbae’en Anniversary (Ba’ath Party) Ramadan/Id’Al Fitr Funerals Events

  23. Events are routine, cyclical, planned, or spontaneous activities that significantly affect organizations, people, and military operations Saddam Hussein’s Trial National Elections Arbae’en Anniversary (Ba’ath Party) Ramadan/Id’Al Fitr Funerals Political Rallies Events

  24. Tie effect to event: Annual pilgrimage Arbae’en is marked by sectarian attacks Wedding brings members of the tribe with rifles for celebratory fire. (Important to know if wedding as day as raid on target) Potential I/O issue especially if wedding party fires on raiding party. Friday prayer coincides with sectarian violence Ba’ath Party is trigger for simultaneous attacks Spring brings seasonal fighters from surrounding nations Events

  25. Events G G G G G G G G G T T T T T M G x x P x x x x x x FOB GIGANTOR x x x x x x x x x x x x P x x x x x x x x x x x x x M x x x TL x x x x x x x G G x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x P M x x x TL x x x x x G x TL G x x P TL M x x x x x x P

  26. Environment G G G G G G G G G T T T T T T G Tribe B Poor Middle Merchants x x x x x x x FOB GIGANTOR x Poor x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Poor x Middle Merchants x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Tribe A x x x x x x x x x x x x x Tribe D x x x x Rich Ex Regime Tribe C x x Legend/Key Middle Merchants Mortar/Rocket Poor x IED/SAF SigAct x x x x Tea Shop x Enemy I/O Graffiti

  27. Environment G G G G G G G G G T T T T T T G Tribe B Poor Middle Merchants x x x x x x x FOB GIGANTOR x Poor x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Poor x Middle Merchants x x x x x x x Insurgents attack Tribe A’s economic rivals to secure their support x x x x x x x x x x x x x Tribe A x Sectarian Violence Insurgency x x x x x x x x x x x x Tribe D x x x x Rich Ex Regime Tribe C x x Legend/Key Middle Merchants Mortar/Rocket Poor x IED/SAF SigAct x x x x Tea Shop x Enemy I/O Graffiti

  28. Questions?

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