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CO 2 : valuable source of carbon

CO 2 : valuable source of carbon. Coordinator of the Working Group “Carbon Capture and Storage“ Italian Association Chemical Engineering (AIDIC) . Ezio Nicola D’Addario. April 16th, 2012 Rome – Campus Bio-Medico University. SUSTAINABILITY IN CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION. AGENDA.

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CO 2 : valuable source of carbon

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  1. CO2: valuable source of carbon Coordinator of the Working Group “Carbon Capture and Storage“ Italian Association Chemical Engineering (AIDIC) Ezio Nicola D’Addario April 16th,2012 Rome – Campus Bio-Medico University SUSTAINABILITY IN CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION

  2. AGENDA • Main Options of Carbon Capture and Utilization • Direct Use of Solar Energy: photosynthesis, microalgae • Sustainability and Life Cycle Analysis • Biodiesel from Microalgae, Different LCA Literature Case Studies • Concluding Remarks

  3. USES OF CARBON DIOXIDE http://extsearch1.netl.doe.gov • DNV position paper 7-2011, * 5% liquid fuel replacement 50% CO2 saving, ** 10 % global building material demand, • *** 10 % total annual current emission

  4. CCU and RESOURCES REQUIREMENT DNV position paper 7-2011 PROS: Revenues from captured CO2 CONS: Rather new compared to CCS, CO2 scarcely reactive, energy requirements to be determined

  5. DIRECT USE OF SOLAR RADIATION EN E R G Y & C H E MICALS DIFFUSE CO2 SOURCES Traffic, Residential, SME TERRESTRIAL, AQUATIC PLANT and MACROALGAE PHOTOSYNTHESYS Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin TRANSPORTATION DISTRIBUTION MICROALGAE Lipids, Carbohydrates, Protein CO2 CAPTURE LARGE CO2 STATIONARY SOURCES PG, Oil and Heavy Industry

  6. EXAMPLES OF HIGH PRODUCTIVITY BIOMASS M. Tredici. Symposium “ I Biocarburanti di seconda e terza generazione” Roma 14 April 2011

  7. SUSTAINABILITY AND LCA I. Gavilan, BP Sustainability in biofuel, 2008

  8. MAIN IMPACT CATEGORIES GLOBAL Greenhouse Gas Effect Acid rain LOCAL Depletion of ozone layer Depletion of no renewable resources Toxic emissions Noise Elettromagnetic pollution REGIONAL Water euthrophication Visual pollution Soil and groundwater contamination Photochemical oxidant formation Land Use Change

  9. MAIN LCA INDICATORS GHG Effect (100 years) [g CO2 eq] GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL Σ GWPi * gi CO2; CH4; N20… [grams, gi]

  10. TYPICAL DIAGRAM FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM MICROALGAE 10*100*0.3 m Concrete PVC 0.25 m/s 22.2 Wh/kg CO2 50 MW Coal Power Station, dehydration and compression 1000 ha ponds Washing water (each 2 months) Water from dewatering Dry extraction: feasible, Wet extraction: to be checked, consumptions proportional to inlet L. Lardon et al. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 17, 2009

  11. CULTIVATION OF Chlorella vulgaris BASIC DATA Lipid content, growth rate and productivity in the range of typical literature sources Protein content much lower in low Nitrogen cultures Lower productivity showed by low N cultures balanced by their higher heating value (photosynthetic efficiency almost the same) L. Lardon et al. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 17, 2009

  12. CULTIVATION OF Chlorella v. PRELIMINARY INVENTORY Base 1 Kg Biodiesel • Lower mass downstream efficiency implies higher biomass production for wet cultures which requires • higher energy and fertilizer in comparison to dry cultivation • All configurations, except low N wet, have high energetic requirements compared to energy in the biofuel • (37.8 MJ/kg) • Overall balance negative only for normal dry option L. Lardon et al. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 17, 2009

  13. CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMANDChlorella v. Base 1 MJ Biodiesel Cumulative Energy Demand: Ecoinvent data base, Electricity produced with the European mix, Heat produced with natural gas, Buildings 30-year lifespan then dismantled and concrete landfilled, steel based materials and plastics recycled, Electrical engines changed every 10 years Low N wet confirms the most favorable option (higher fertilizers and cultivation requirements not compensated by lower drying energy of low N dry) L. Lardon et al. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 17, 2009

  14. POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF BIODIESEL AND PETROLEUM DIESEL Base 1 MJ Fuel EU ref value: 83,8 gCO2 eq / MJ • Assessment carried out by using the CML method *, Reference fuel: Ecoinvent database, Rapeseed Europe, Palm Oil Malaysia, Soybean USA, Byproducts emissions allocated on the base of energy content • Algae show: • very low impacts for eutrophication (better control of fertilizers) and land use (higher biomass productivity), • worst impacts for GWP (except soybean), mineral resource, ozone depletion, ionizing radiation and photochemical oxidation (higher use of fertilizers and electricity including 30 % nuclear) • GHG reduction (58,7 g CO2 eq / MJ) in line with current EU targets (54.5 g CO2 eq / MJ), but lower than 2017 EU targets (41. 9 for exiting plants, and 33.5 g CO2 eq / MJ for new plants) * Guine´e, J. B. Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment Springer: New York, 2002

  15. COMPARISON OF LIFE CYCLE ENERGY DEMAND MJ/MJ Biodiesel Lardon, 2009 low N dry case 2.32 MJ H. H. Khoo et al Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 5800–5807 R. Baliga and Susan E. Powers.Sustainable Algae Biodiesel Production in Cold Climates.International Journal of Chemical Engineering Volume 2010, Article ID 102179. Algae biodiesel production in New York State (USA) based on life cycle energy and environmental impact parameters. Upstate NY was chosen as a challenging case for algae biodiesel production due to shorter days and cold temperatures during winter months.

  16. RECENT STUDIES Edward D Frank, et al.Methane and nitrous oxide emissions affect the life-cycle analysis of algal biofuels. Environ. Res. Lett. 7 (2012) Article ID 014030. Accepted for publication 20 February 2012 Published 13 March 2012 Parameters included in the sensitivity: lipid content: 12, 25, 50 %, Productivity:12.5, 25, 50 g/m2/d, CHP electrical efficiency: 28, 33, 38 %, Mixing Power: 2, 48, 83 kWh/ha/d, …

  17. CONCLUDING REMARKS LCA case studies biodiesel production from microalgae confirm that environmental impacts depend on process and technology aspects as well as on energy supply options, location and possible scenarios Helpful inputs for research still going on this subject could derive from preliminary LCA including indicators related to the depletion of non renewable resources and climate change as well as to water eutrophication, land requirements, toxicity (human and marine), etc. These conclusions suggest that environmental aspects should be integrated in any technical economical studies usually carried out to compare different CCU research options LCA appears an useful tools usable at this purpose

  18. Thank you for your attention FOR MORE INFORMATION Name Surname: Ezio Nicola D’Addario Job Title: Freelancer Contact: ezio.daddario@libero.it

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