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Objectives

Bovine Herd Health Management: Diseases and Parasites This is a presentation from Virginia Tech and has not been edited by the Georgia Curriculum Office. Objectives. Explain importance of herd health Discuss economic impacts on both diseases and parasites Identify diseases/parasites

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Objectives

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  1. Bovine Herd Health Management:Diseases and ParasitesThis is a presentation from Virginia Tech and has not been edited by the Georgia Curriculum Office.

  2. Objectives • Explain importance of herd health • Discuss economic impacts on both diseases and parasites • Identify diseases/parasites • State types of organisms • Discuss mode of transmission.

  3. Objectives,cont. • Discuss common symptoms. • Discuss life Cycle of worm. • Discuss preventative methods. • Determine the best time of year to treat for diseases/parasites.

  4. Economic Losses • The beef industry along with the producers lose millions of dollars each year. • The most common losses are due to: • infertility and abortion • calf scours • respiratory infections • sudden death

  5. Economic Losses, cont. • Parasites also contribute to the loss of millions of dollars annually in the U.S. due to poorly managed cattle. • Losses include: • reduced weight gains which increases the amount of feed per pound of gain. • Low milk production

  6. More Losses • reduced hide value • additional trim on carcasses • and death

  7. Diseases • The common pathogens in bovine diseases are bacterial, viral, and protozoan. • Cattle diseases are transmitted by many different ways. The most common forms of infection are: • grazing and contact with the soil. • Sexually • casual contact • viruses can be shed in the feces

  8. The most common diseases that should be treat twice a year are: IBR PI3 BVD BRSV Pasteruella Brucellosis Clostridial diseases Leptospirosis Campylobacter fetus Trichomoniasis Diseases

  9. IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis): organism: virus symptoms: respiratory infection (“red nose”), abortion. Also called BRD: bovine respiratory disease vaccination: modified-live PI3(Parainfluenza 3): organism: virus symptoms: can lead to a secondary bacterial infection, and abortion. Also called BRD: bovine respiratory disease vaccination: modified-live Diseases

  10. BVD (bovine virus diarrhea): organism: virus symptoms: persistent diarrhea,can lead to a secondary bacterial infection, and abortion. BRD: bovine respiratory disease. vaccination: modified-live BRSV (bovine respiratory syncytial virus): organism: virus symptoms:can lead to a secondary bacterial infection, and abortion. BRD: bovine respiratory disease. vaccination: modified-live Diseases

  11. Pasteurella: organism: bacteria symptoms: pneumonia, “shipping fever” vaccination: two doses of BRSV 2-4 weeks apart Brucellosis: organism: bacteria symptoms: abortion and infertility vaccination: calfhood vaccinate heifers < 8months of age. Diseases

  12. Clostridial: organism: bacteria symptoms: death-primarily in young animals. Vaccination: 7-way Leptospirosis: organism: bacteria symptoms: abortion and kidney failure vaccination: 5-way vaccine Diseases

  13. Campylobacter fetus: organism: bacteria symptoms: venereal disease, infertility vaccination: vaccine with oil adjuvant Trichomoniasis: organism: protozoa symptoms: abortion; venereal disease spread by bulls vaccination: none Diseases

  14. Prevention • VACCINATE • VACCINATE • VACCINATE • at least 2 times a year

  15. Internal Parasites • Internal parasites are present inside the animal. • The parasites and their eggs are microscopic in size. • Internal parasites are not easily noticed.

  16. Modes of Transmission • Wet and warm climates favor infestation of internal parasites. • Transmission takes place through ingestion. • Infection usually takes place in the spring and fall.

  17. Life Cycle • Worms occur in the hosts small intestine. • Female produces eggs which are passed in the feces. • Eggs then hatch in to larvae • The larvae are eaten by the host, infecting them. • Larvae then mature into adults, repeating the cycle.

  18. Common Classes of Worms • Nematodes: (Roundworms) • Small Stomach worm • Medium Stomach worm • Large Stomach Worm or barber-pole worm • Hookworm • Lungworm

  19. Common Classes of Worms, cont. • Cestodes: (Flatworms) • Flatworm • Trematodes: (Flukes) • Liver Flukes • Stomach Flukes

  20. Normal or increased appetite with no weight gain. Abnormal weight loss poor growth anemia anorexia dull hair coat diarrhea weakness edema in jaw Symptoms of infestation

  21. Anthelmintics or ‘wormers’ • There are many products on the market that are designed to treat ruminant worms. Some of the most common are: • Ivermectin (Ivomec) • Eprinomectin (Ivomec Eprinex) • Doramectin (Dectromax) • Moxidectin (Cydectin)

  22. Wormers • These products can be administered through injection or topically by a ‘pour-on’. • Treatment should take place in the early spring and fall. • Products should be rotated to prevent parasite resistance.

  23. External Parasites • External parasites are a nuisance to man and beast. They can cause a lot of unintended aggravation and pain. Some examples are: • Flies: (horn, face, stable,and house flies) -insects that suck blood and are responsible for pinkeye, reduced gains and milk production. Can also cause mastitis. • lice: insects that also suck blood and eat flesh. They will cause rubbing which results in raw spots.

  24. External Parasites • Grubs: larvae enter hide and cause large sores along the backs of cattle. Larvae feed on pus caused by its presence. • Ticks: arachnids that feed on blood and is responsible for diseases such as anaplasmosis and ‘blue tongue’.

  25. Treatment • Pour-on treatments will control all these external parasites, but it is a good idea to also have a back-up treatment for longer periods. The pour-on treatments are: • Ivermectin (Ivomec) • Eprinomectin (Ivomec Eprinex) • Doramectin (Dectromax) • Moxidectin (Cydectin)

  26. Treatments • They back-up treatments are just added insurance. They may consists of: • ear tags • back rubs • boluses • drench • paste • supplemented minerals • sprays • dust

  27. Summary • Disease and parasites can cause huge economic losses due to: • poor wt. Gain • low milk production • carcass loss • infertility and abortion • death

  28. Transmission occurs through internal ingestion, casual contact and sexually. Spring and Fall are the most favorable times of the year for infection. Infective pathogens are bacterial, viral, protozoan, and parasitic (internal and external). Summary

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